var g_txt=[
{t:"The Cloud Messenger",p:2,x:197,y:76,w:242,h:27},
{t:"The Meghaduta by Kalidasa",p:2,x:181,y:149,w:274,h:23},
{t:"Translated from the Sanskrit",p:2,x:197,y:267,w:241,h:21},
{t:"by",p:2,x:307,y:371,w:22,h:21},
{t:"Colin John Holcombe",p:2,x:221,y:464,w:194,h:21},
{t:"© Ocaso Press Ltda. 2007",p:2,x:217,y:809,w:202,h:20},
{t:"3",p:3,x:315,y:858,w:7,h:15},
{t:"Meghaduta",p:3,x:94,y:105,w:75,h:17},
{t:"by Kalidasa",p:3,x:94,y:125,w:77,h:17},
{t:"© 2007",p:3,x:94,y:145,w:52,h:17},
{t:"Translation and notes by Colin John Holcombe.",p:3,x:94,y:165,w:317,h:17},
{t:"Published by Ocaso Press Ltda.",p:3,x:94,y:265,w:207,h:17},
{t:"Santiago, Chile.  All rights reserved.",p:3,x:94,y:285,w:237,h:17},
{t:"No part of this book may be used or reproduced in any manner what-",p:3,x:94,y:325,w:448,h:17},
{t:"soever without written permission, except in the case of brief quota-",p:3,x:94,y:345,w:448,h:17},
{t:"tions in critical articles and reviews.",p:3,x:94,y:365,w:238,h:17},
{t:"1",p:4,x:315,y:858,w:7,h:15},
{t:"The Cloud Messenger",p:4,x:118,y:76,w:242,h:27},
{t:"The Meghaduta or Cloud Messenger is a masterpiece of Sanskrit",p:4,x:118,y:128,w:425,h:17},
{t:"literature, and was composed by the court poet Kalidasa some time",p:4,x:94,y:151,w:448,h:17},
{t:"before AD 634 in northern India. A Yaksha or nature deity begs a",p:4,x:94,y:175,w:449,h:17},
{t:"passing cloud to carry a message across the subcontinent to his",p:4,x:94,y:198,w:449,h:17},
{t:"grieving consort in the fabled city of Alakā. The first part describes the",p:4,x:94,y:221,w:448,h:17},
{t:"journey the cloud must make, which is north-westwards across",p:4,x:94,y:245,w:449,h:17},
{t:"present-day Madhya Pradesh, and then northwards into Tibet. The",p:4,x:94,y:268,w:448,h:17},
{t:"second part moves the story to Alakā, where the Yaksha depicts his",p:4,x:94,y:291,w:449,h:17},
{t:"consort’s sadness, and tells the cloud what to say to her. Under this",p:4,x:94,y:315,w:448,h:17},
{t:"fiction, Kalidasa presents a sympathetic portrait of northern India, an d",p:4,x:94,y:338,w:448,h:17},
{t:"weaves in the various moods of love traditional in classical Sanskrit",p:4,x:94,y:361,w:448,h:17},
{t:"poetry.",p:4,x:94,y:385,w:47,h:17},
{t:"About its author, who wrote five or six other great works, little is",p:4,x:118,y:411,w:425,h:17},
{t:"known, but  he may have served one of the pre-Gupta rulers of northern",p:4,x:94,y:435,w:448,h:17},
{t:"India at Ujjain.",p:4,x:94,y:458,w:101,h:17},
{t:"The poem is written in unrhymed stanzas of four lines in the slow-",p:4,x:118,y:485,w:425,h:17},
{t:"moving Mandakrata measure. Many translations exist, generally in",p:4,x:94,y:508,w:449,h:17},
{t:"the style of their period, some being designed to help Sanskrit",p:4,x:94,y:531,w:448,h:17},
{t:"students understand the grammar and vocabulary of Kalidasa’s",p:4,x:94,y:555,w:449,h:17},
{t:"elevated and harmonious language. The work here adopts the 1912",p:4,x:94,y:578,w:448,h:17},
{t:"Hultzsch text, and uses five-line stanzas of rhymed pentameters to",p:4,x:94,y:601,w:448,h:17},
{t:"render the simple magnificence of the poetry while remaining faithful",p:4,x:94,y:625,w:449,h:17},
{t:"to the prose sense. The few occasions where my intrepretations differ",p:4,x:94,y:648,w:449,h:17},
{t:"from those of previous translators, or I have been unable to fully",p:4,x:94,y:671,w:448,h:17},
{t:"encompass the meaning in a particular stanza, are noted in the",p:4,x:94,y:695,w:448,h:17},
{t:"Appendix, which also contains a short treatment of metrical issues, an",p:4,x:94,y:718,w:449,h:17},
{t:"introduction to Sanskrit poetry, and a glossary of unfamiliar words and",p:4,x:94,y:741,w:448,h:17},
{t:"allusions.",p:4,x:94,y:765,w:63,h:17},
{t:"It may help to know that syllables are long in Sanskrit words when",p:4,x:118,y:791,w:424,h:17},
{t:"the vowel is naturally long (shown with an accent), or the vowel is",p:4,x:94,y:815,w:448,h:17},
{t:"2",p:5,x:315,y:858,w:7,h:15},
{t:"followed by more than one consonant. Aspirated dh, bh, gh, th and ph",p:5,x:94,y:85,w:449,h:17},
{t:"count as single consonants, however, and ph andth are pronounced",p:5,x:94,y:108,w:448,h:17},
{t:"as breathyp and t, not as f or the th of ‘thin’.",p:5,x:94,y:131,w:292,h:17},
{t:"3",p:6,x:315,y:858,w:7,h:15},
{t:" Meghaduta: Part One",p:6,x:118,y:77,w:255,h:27},
{t:"A year fro m amorousness: it p asses slowl y.",p:6,x:94,y:126,w:331,h:19},
{t:"So thought a Yaksha by his master sent",p:6,x:94,y:149,w:300,h:19},
{t:",",p:6,x:400,y:149,w:4,h:19},
{t:"For scan ting duty, to the Rāmagiry:",p:6,x:94,y:172,w:274,h:19},
{t:"To mope in penance groves as banishment",p:6,x:94,y:196,w:327,h:19},
{t:"By rivers S",p:6,x:94,y:219,w:79,h:19},
{t:"ītā's bathing there made h oly.",p:6,x:177,y:219,w:230,h:19},
{t:"Āshādha's ending on the mountain found",p:6,x:94,y:252,w:321,h:19},
{t:"Him weakened, gold ring slipp ing from his wrist ,",p:6,x:94,y:276,w:379,h:19},
{t:"And mixed h is pleasu re as a clou d came down",p:6,x:94,y:299,w:355,h:19},
{t:"So playfully to hug the summit mist ,",p:6,x:94,y:322,w:283,h:19},
{t:"As elephan ts in heat will butt the ground.",p:6,x:94,y:346,w:321,h:19},
{t:"In tears withheld he took his fall from grace,",p:6,x:94,y:379,w:342,h:19},
{t:"From wealth attending on the King of Kings.",p:6,x:94,y:402,w:343,h:19},
{t:"The otherworld that brimmed in c loudy air",p:6,x:94,y:426,w:334,h:19},
{t:"Was still discomfort when far longing brings",p:6,x:94,y:449,w:343,h:19},
{t:"A breath to hold him to that neck's emb race.",p:6,x:94,y:472,w:345,h:19},
{t:"With now the rainy month stood close at hand,",p:6,x:94,y:506,w:364,h:19},
{t:"To fresh Kutaja blooms he adds his plea",p:6,x:94,y:529,w:307,h:19},
{t:"And asks most courteously the cloud bring news",p:6,x:94,y:552,w:373,h:19},
{t:"Of welfare to his loved-one—words that she,",p:6,x:94,y:576,w:342,h:19},
{t:"Revived to hear of him, will u nderstand.",p:6,x:94,y:599,w:311,h:19},
{t:"How can a cloud so moving, mixed and got",p:6,x:94,y:632,w:325,h:19},
{t:"Of water vapour, fire and w ind be used",p:6,x:94,y:656,w:300,h:19},
{t:"By Yaksha appropriately as messenger?",p:6,x:94,y:679,w:301,h:19},
{t:"But he in eagerness and grief ",p:6,x:94,y:702,w:220,h:19},
{t:"confused",p:6,x:323,y:702,w:69,h:19},
{t:"Mistakes as sent ient a thing that's not.",p:6,x:94,y:726,w:299,h:19},
{t:"4",p:7,x:315,y:858,w:7,h:15},
{t:"Such clouds the ending o f the world presage;",p:7,x:94,y:83,w:345,h:19},
{t:"You minister to form at will. Though kin",p:7,x:94,y:106,w:314,h:19},
{t:"I plead for are by power detained, better",p:7,x:94,y:130,w:312,h:19},
{t:"To be by majesty refused than win",p:7,x:94,y:153,w:264,h:19},
{t:"An approbation of base parentage.",p:7,x:94,y:176,w:266,h:19},
{t:"I ask you, shelter from the sun’s fierce glare,",p:7,x:94,y:210,w:340,h:19},
{t:"As one apart, b eneath Kubēra's sanct ions,",p:7,x:94,y:233,w:324,h:19},
{t:"To bear this message to a loved one waiting",p:7,x:94,y:256,w:336,h:19},
{t:"In Alak ā, where Shiva on those mansions",p:7,x:94,y:280,w:319,h:19},
{t:"Sheds forehead’s moonlight from his garden t here.",p:7,x:94,y:303,w:393,h:19},
{t:"For you the women look through tangled hair",p:7,x:94,y:336,w:354,h:19},
{t:"With menfolk travelling and take their cheer",p:7,x:94,y:360,w:345,h:19},
{t:"From unions urged on b y your path of air,",p:7,x:94,y:383,w:326,h:19},
{t:"While I still dist ant and to blame appear",p:7,x:94,y:406,w:310,h:19},
{t:"A hapless priso ner to another's care.",p:7,x:94,y:430,w:279,h:19},
{t:"The sights along that opened road impart",p:7,x:94,y:463,w:318,h:19},
{t:"A woman delicate as flowers are sink ing",p:7,x:94,y:486,w:308,h:19},
{t:"From want of nourishment. Your brother's wife,",p:7,x:94,y:510,w:371,h:19},
{t:"Her days co mputing, of her husband thinking,",p:7,x:94,y:533,w:358,h:19},
{t:"Awaits, a captive taken by the heart.",p:7,x:94,y:556,w:280,h:19},
{t:"10. As wind will move you onward, ever slo w,",p:7,x:94,y:590,w:350,h:19},
{t:"To greet y ou on the left you’ll hear the cry",p:7,x:94,y:613,w:324,h:19},
{t:"Of nesting chātakas, and, all arou nd,",p:7,x:94,y:636,w:284,h:19},
{t:"Conceiving female cran es will b less the eye,",p:7,x:94,y:660,w:335,h:19},
{t:"Across the sky in garlands, row o n row.",p:7,x:94,y:683,w:304,h:19},
{t:"Thunder, and the ground is thick with white",p:7,x:94,y:716,w:343,h:19},
{t:"Assurances of harvest. The wild geese wake",p:7,x:94,y:740,w:335,h:19},
{t:"And bearing lotus shoots for voyage flap",p:7,x:94,y:763,w:310,h:19},
{t:"Out for Mānasa. Your company, these take",p:7,x:94,y:786,w:331,h:19},
{t:"You on to Mount Kailāsa with their flight .",p:7,x:94,y:810,w:325,h:19},
{t:"5",p:8,x:315,y:858,w:7,h:15},
{t:"Time to qui t the lofty mounta in station,",p:8,x:94,y:83,w:309,h:19},
{t:"Where years of festivals do not efface",p:8,x:94,y:106,w:288,h:19},
{t:"The steps of Rāma, that most honoured man.",p:8,x:94,y:130,w:348,h:19},
{t:"But take your leave, as o ld friends do: embrace",p:8,x:94,y:153,w:362,h:19},
{t:"In tears long f ollowing on separation.",p:8,x:94,y:176,w:290,h:19},
{t:"Cloud, take in the features I comp ile",p:8,x:94,y:210,w:282,h:19},
{t:"For you of onward journey, day by day",p:8,x:94,y:233,w:298,h:19},
{t:"More arduous and more testing: wearied,",p:8,x:94,y:256,w:316,h:19},
{t:"Very wearied, on those peaks you'll stay",p:8,x:94,y:280,w:308,h:19},
{t:"And by their foaming wat ers rest awhile.",p:8,x:94,y:303,w:313,h:19},
{t:"Among the wet Nichula, where there crop",p:8,x:94,y:336,w:320,h:19},
{t:"The wandering elephants you'll come to, shrink",p:8,x:94,y:360,w:367,h:19},
{t:"From contact with the ir heavy trunks but then ce",p:8,x:94,y:383,w:378,h:19},
{t:"Fly up, that startled Siddhas women think",p:8,x:94,y:406,w:326,h:19},
{t:"The wind has carried off the mountain top.",p:8,x:94,y:430,w:333,h:19},
{t:"To ray about you in the darkening st orm",p:8,x:94,y:463,w:314,h:19},
{t:"The broken bow of Indra, many-gemmed",p:8,x:94,y:486,w:316,h:19},
{t:"As serpent reared up from an anthill top,",p:8,x:94,y:510,w:317,h:19},
{t:"Or, with his peacock feathers diademed,",p:8,x:94,y:533,w:306,h:19},
{t:"Flares Vish nu in his dark-hued cowherd form.",p:8,x:94,y:556,w:358,h:19},
{t:"Arrived where women furrow brows for men,",p:8,x:94,y:590,w:348,h:19},
{t:"And moisten eyes as o f that harvest telling,",p:8,x:94,y:613,w:332,h:19},
{t:"You'll stop and bless the high ground here and thence",p:8,x:94,y:636,w:416,h:19},
{t:"From soil fresh pl oughed and sweetly smelling",p:8,x:94,y:660,w:358,h:19},
{t:"A little westward float on north again.",p:8,x:94,y:683,w:293,h:19},
{t:"To Āmrakūta mountain, provident",p:8,x:94,y:716,w:266,h:19},
{t:"To bear your weariness and no",p:8,x:94,y:740,w:231,h:19},
{t:"t forget",p:8,x:332,y:740,w:55,h:19},
{t:"Its forest fires you quenched with rain. The poor",p:8,x:94,y:763,w:376,h:19},
{t:"Remember kindness and repay each debt:",p:8,x:94,y:786,w:323,h:19},
{t:"How more will one who is so eminent!",p:8,x:94,y:810,w:297,h:19},
{t:"6",p:9,x:315,y:858,w:7,h:15},
{t:"So on that summit, and in drif ts unrolled",p:9,x:94,y:83,w:319,h:19},
{t:"Of glistening hair, around so thickly pressed,",p:9,x:94,y:106,w:346,h:19},
{t:"The slopes, with fruiting mangoes, it will seem",p:9,x:94,y:130,w:358,h:19},
{t:"To heavenly couples passing earth 's own breast,",p:9,x:94,y:153,w:370,h:19},
{t:"The dark surrounded by the palest go ld.",p:9,x:94,y:176,w:310,h:19},
{t:"And thence to groves which shelter forest wives",p:9,x:94,y:210,w:367,h:19},
{t:"To see how, waters emptied, heady pace,",p:9,x:94,y:233,w:313,h:19},
{t:"Like whites on elephants when streaked wit h ash,",p:9,x:94,y:256,w:385,h:19},
{t:"The tumbling Rev ā through the rocky base",p:9,x:94,y:280,w:330,h:19},
{t:"Of Vidhya Mountain, bouldery, arrives.",p:9,x:94,y:303,w:302,h:19},
{t:"20. If now you take in moisture where there mate",p:9,x:94,y:336,w:384,h:19},
{t:"Wild elephant s and clumps of Jambū choke",p:9,x:94,y:360,w:339,h:19},
{t:"The streams, yet drink in moderation: while",p:9,x:94,y:383,w:340,h:19},
{t:"Mere ligh tness will your worthiness revoke",p:9,x:94,y:406,w:333,h:19},
{t:"It is t he winds t hat onward bear your weight .",p:9,x:94,y:430,w:349,h:19},
{t:"Where Nipa stamens, green an d brown, detain",p:9,x:94,y:463,w:359,h:19},
{t:"The spotted deer, and rich Kandali grow",p:9,x:94,y:486,w:309,h:19},
{t:"In blazing white along the banks, the fragrant",p:9,x:94,y:510,w:351,h:19},
{t:"Humours of the forest earth will show",p:9,x:94,y:533,w:295,h:19},
{t:"The hot, dry pat h to you for droppin g rain.",p:9,x:94,y:556,w:330,h:19},
{t:"In mountain after mountain, as you're faced",p:9,x:94,y:590,w:340,h:19},
{t:"With flowered Kakubha and the gladdenin g sight",p:9,x:94,y:613,w:378,h:19},
{t:"Of peacocks screeching and their watering eyes:",p:9,x:94,y:636,w:367,h:19},
{t:"I call t his favour from you: Cloud, despite",p:9,x:94,y:660,w:321,h:19},
{t:"Such joyful welcomings, pass o n in haste.",p:9,x:94,y:683,w:321,h:19},
{t:"At your approach, the garden walls ignite",p:9,x:94,y:716,w:313,h:19},
{t:"With white Ketaka out of pointed shoots,",p:9,x:94,y:740,w:319,h:19},
{t:"The village cro ws thick nest in sacred t rees,",p:9,x:94,y:763,w:335,h:19},
{t:"And in the woods for days, as Jamb",p:9,x:94,y:786,w:269,h:19},
{t:"ū fruits,",p:9,x:370,y:786,w:60,h:19},
{t:"The wild geese set tle and forget their fligh t.",p:9,x:94,y:810,w:337,h:19},
{t:"7",p:10,x:315,y:858,w:7,h:15},
{t:"You'll come to Vidishā, the capital",p:10,x:94,y:83,w:264,h:19},
{t:"Well known across the compass of these quarters,",p:10,x:94,y:106,w:384,h:19},
{t:"When, like a lo ver, at t he Vetravat i,",p:10,x:94,y:130,w:274,h:19},
{t:"Hang on her face to have the frowning waters",p:10,x:94,y:153,w:352,h:19},
{t:"Turn to murmuring, and drink y our fill.",p:10,x:94,y:176,w:307,h:19},
{t:"Rest on Nichais mountain. At your touch",p:10,x:94,y:210,w:318,h:19},
{t:"Kadamba flowers will b ristle out as hair,",p:10,x:94,y:233,w:313,h:19},
{t:"And grot tos give out odours, those by which",p:10,x:94,y:256,w:341,h:19},
{t:"The venal women of the town ensnare",p:10,x:94,y:280,w:294,h:19},
{t:"A roistering youth who have no sense as su ch.",p:10,x:94,y:303,w:357,h:19},
{t:"Refreshed, upon the forest river tiers",p:10,x:94,y:336,w:286,h:19},
{t:"Of jasmine, sprinkle moisture you have gained,",p:10,x:94,y:360,w:362,h:19},
{t:"And on the female garland- makers, shading",p:10,x:94,y:383,w:335,h:19},
{t:"Those who, brushing faces sweat has stained,",p:10,x:94,y:406,w:349,h:19},
{t:"Have hurt the lotus blossoms in their ears.",p:10,x:94,y:430,w:329,h:19},
{t:"Circuitous your path: if not received",p:10,x:94,y:463,w:279,h:19},
{t:"With tumult in the palaces o f Ujjain",p:10,x:94,y:486,w:278,h:19},
{t:"By women sidelong glittering in their eyelids ,",p:10,x:94,y:510,w:351,h:19},
{t:"Your lightning's sweep an d dazzlement has been",p:10,x:94,y:533,w:374,h:19},
{t:"By their eyes' al lurement much deceived.",p:10,x:94,y:556,w:315,h:19},
{t:"From undulating lines of birds above",p:10,x:94,y:590,w:288,h:19},
{t:"The extended water's loquacious girdle st ring,",p:10,x:94,y:613,w:355,h:19},
{t:"See the Nirvandhyā reveal her navel",p:10,x:94,y:636,w:279,h:19},
{t:"And, like a wom an passed from dallying",p:10,x:94,y:660,w:306,h:19},
{t:"In gestured overtures, declare her lo ve.",p:10,x:94,y:683,w:302,h:19},
{t:"From dwindled to a single braid of hair,",p:10,x:94,y:716,w:307,h:19},
{t:"And pale wit h old leaves fal len on her banks,",p:10,x:94,y:740,w:346,h:19},
{t:"So will the Sindhu cast off separation",p:10,x:94,y:763,w:289,h:19},
{t:"And from her thinness correspond w ith thanks:",p:10,x:94,y:786,w:369,h:19},
{t:"How fortunate to pass her needfu l there!",p:10,x:94,y:810,w:316,h:19},
{t:"8",p:11,x:315,y:858,w:7,h:15},
{t:"30. Hear in Av anti, whose villagers are fo und",p:11,x:94,y:83,w:349,h:19},
{t:"With Udayana stories, that renown",p:11,x:94,y:106,w:272,h:19},
{t:"Again of Ujjain, enrich ed by worthy",p:11,x:94,y:130,w:276,h:19},
{t:"Ones whose last of merit has brought down",p:11,x:94,y:153,w:336,h:19},
{t:"A part o f brilliant h eaven to the ground.",p:11,x:94,y:176,w:310,h:19},
{t:"In wind, which off the River Sh iprā brims",p:11,x:94,y:210,w:321,h:19},
{t:"With smell of morning lotuses, is caught",p:11,x:94,y:233,w:313,h:19},
{t:"The long, sad calling o",p:11,x:94,y:256,w:167,h:19},
{t:"f the cranes, at which",p:11,x:267,y:256,w:164,h:19},
{t:"The coaxing lovers sk ilfully exhort",p:11,x:94,y:280,w:265,h:19},
{t:"Again their pleasure o ut of tired limbs.",p:11,x:94,y:303,w:298,h:19},
{t:"Hang by lattice windows, large and sw eet",p:11,x:94,y:336,w:318,h:19},
{t:"With incense out of women's new-washed hair,",p:11,x:94,y:360,w:365,h:19},
{t:"Watch the filial peacoc ks dance affection,",p:11,x:94,y:383,w:321,h:19},
{t:"And in the flower-scented palace air",p:11,x:94,y:406,w:278,h:19},
{t:"See dancers moving on their red-lac feet.",p:11,x:94,y:430,w:317,h:19},
{t:"If dark as Shiva's neck you thence frequent",p:11,x:94,y:463,w:333,h:19},
{t:"That master o f the three world's sh rine, the gaze",p:11,x:94,y:486,w:374,h:19},
{t:"Of Ganas there will sh ow respect. In groves",p:11,x:94,y:510,w:334,h:19},
{t:"An odour off the Gandhavatī strays",p:11,x:94,y:533,w:272,h:19},
{t:"With girls there laughing and the lily scent.",p:11,x:94,y:556,w:336,h:19},
{t:"Cloud, when come to Mahākāla, wait",p:11,x:94,y:590,w:283,h:19},
{t:"For sun descending to have settled under",p:11,x:94,y:613,w:318,h:19},
{t:"The line of sight to Shiva's sh rine. If t hen",p:11,x:94,y:636,w:320,h:19},
{t:"You offer moderately your s olemn thunde r",p:11,x:94,y:660,w:333,h:19},
{t:"Praise unlimited attends your state.",p:11,x:94,y:683,w:277,h:19},
{t:"Begemmed their hands, and jin gling navels please,",p:11,x:94,y:716,w:388,h:19},
{t:"Though wearying the chowries and the dances.",p:11,x:94,y:740,w:360,h:19},
{t:"But shoot your raindrops through the nailmarks, soothing:",p:11,x:94,y:763,w:447,h:19},
{t:"The courtesans will cast you sidelong glances,",p:11,x:94,y:786,w:349,h:19},
{t:"Their rows in unison as honey bees.",p:11,x:94,y:810,w:276,h:19},
{t:"9",p:12,x:315,y:858,w:7,h:15},
{t:"After Shiva's dance, when twilight fills",p:12,x:94,y:83,w:297,h:19},
{t:"The forest long-encircled b y his arms,",p:12,x:94,y:106,w:291,h:19},
{t:"Then red as Japā flowers, remove his need",p:12,x:94,y:130,w:326,h:19},
{t:"For blooded ganja skin. His con",p:12,x:94,y:153,w:238,h:19},
{t:"sort calms,",p:12,x:340,y:153,w:82,h:19},
{t:"Her eyes t o see you as devotion wills.",p:12,x:94,y:176,w:286,h:19},
{t:"When nigh t upon the road so thickly clings",p:12,x:94,y:210,w:332,h:19},
{t:"A needle cann ot prick the darkness, draw",p:12,x:94,y:233,w:317,h:19},
{t:"A lightning flash of gold to lead the women",p:12,x:94,y:256,w:331,h:19},
{t:"Out for lover's dwellings: do n",p:12,x:94,y:280,w:227,h:19},
{t:"ot pour",p:12,x:328,y:280,w:57,h:19},
{t:"Down rain or thunder: they are timid things.",p:12,x:94,y:303,w:345,h:19},
{t:"Among the pigeons o n some rooftop stay",p:12,x:94,y:336,w:316,h:19},
{t:"The night with lightning who is half worn out",p:12,x:94,y:360,w:353,h:19},
{t:"From all her flickering, bu t on the morrow",p:12,x:94,y:383,w:330,h:19},
{t:"Promptly leave as th ose who go about",p:12,x:94,y:406,w:293,h:19},
{t:"Good offi ces for friends and won't delay.",p:12,x:94,y:430,w:314,h:19},
{t:"That time returning lovers brush a tear",p:12,x:94,y:463,w:303,h:19},
{t:"From faces they've offended, leave th e path",p:12,x:94,y:486,w:334,h:19},
{t:"Of sunlight unattended. He who draws",p:12,x:94,y:510,w:299,h:19},
{t:"The dew drop f rom the lotus burns in wrat h",p:12,x:94,y:533,w:341,h:19},
{t:"To find obstructions to his sunbeams here.",p:12,x:94,y:556,w:332,h:19},
{t:"40. Let no barrenness of heart deny",p:12,x:94,y:590,w:273,h:19},
{t:"The ever-glancing Gambhīra her wish .",p:12,x:94,y:613,w:296,h:19},
{t:"For you are handsome on her surface. Watch",p:12,x:94,y:636,w:348,h:19},
{t:"How white-as-lotuses Shaphara fish",p:12,x:94,y:660,w:278,h:19},
{t:"Beguilingly there greet y ou, leap and fly.",p:12,x:94,y:683,w:313,h:19},
{t:"Remove the deep blue robe of water where",p:12,x:94,y:716,w:329,h:19},
{t:"Her bank of abdomen slopes down to view",p:12,x:94,y:740,w:328,h:19},
{t:"A trail of canes like slender han",p:12,x:94,y:763,w:236,h:19},
{t:"ds. You 'll go",p:12,x:339,y:763,w:92,h:19},
{t:"At last from her reluctantly, for who",p:12,x:94,y:786,w:281,h:19},
{t:"Will leave a mist ress with her charms laid b are?",p:12,x:94,y:810,w:369,h:19},
{t:"10",p:13,x:311,y:858,w:14,h:15},
{t:"Afterwards when cooled the earth and wholly",p:13,x:94,y:83,w:352,h:19},
{t:"Saturated with your rain, and rich",p:13,x:94,y:106,w:259,h:19},
{t:"With smells to please th e sniffing elephant s,",p:13,x:94,y:130,w:343,h:19},
{t:"Are wild f igs ripening in the wind by which",p:13,x:94,y:153,w:332,h:19},
{t:"To Devagiri yo u are carried slo wly.",p:13,x:94,y:176,w:269,h:19},
{t:"Arrived, you'll form a cumulou s of flowers",p:13,x:94,y:210,w:328,h:19},
{t:"For Skanda who is resident , the god of war.",p:13,x:94,y:233,w:335,h:19},
{t:"All-powerful Shiva took him from the sun's",p:13,x:94,y:256,w:335,h:19},
{t:"Fierce mou th to safeguard Indra's army",p:13,x:94,y:280,w:301,h:19},
{t:". Pour",p:13,x:402,y:280,w:46,h:19},
{t:"Down the Ganges in yo ur heavenly showers.",p:13,x:94,y:303,w:341,h:19},
{t:"With thunder, echoed in the mountains, make",p:13,x:94,y:336,w:359,h:19},
{t:"To dance then Skanda's peacock, corner-eyed",p:13,x:94,y:360,w:352,h:19},
{t:"With Shiva’s crescent s. Bhav ānī will put",p:13,x:94,y:383,w:310,h:19},
{t:"A lustrous feather in her ear beside",p:13,x:94,y:406,w:269,h:19},
{t:"That deep blue lotus for her dear son' s sake.",p:13,x:94,y:430,w:342,h:19},
{t:"Left the god wh o in the reeds too k birth,",p:13,x:94,y:463,w:313,h:19},
{t:"You’re clear of Siddha pairs wh o fear the waters",p:13,x:94,y:486,w:370,h:19},
{t:"Will harm the lutes they carry. Rantideva",p:13,x:94,y:510,w:319,h:19},
{t:"Here made slau ghter of Surabhi's daughters",p:13,x:94,y:533,w:341,h:19},
{t:"That now the River Chambal blesses earth .",p:13,x:94,y:556,w:332,h:19},
{t:"When you there drinking at the water's h em",p:13,x:94,y:590,w:341,h:19},
{t:"Have stolen Krishna's colouring, you stand",p:13,x:94,y:613,w:332,h:19},
{t:"To gods intently staring from that distance",p:13,x:94,y:636,w:331,h:19},
{t:"As pearls th ere settling in a single stran",p:13,x:94,y:660,w:298,h:19},
{t:"d",p:13,x:401,y:660,w:9,h:19},
{t:"Enlarged wit h sapphire set as cen tral gem.",p:13,x:94,y:683,w:326,h:19},
{t:"Having cro ssed that river, train y our powers",p:13,x:94,y:716,w:342,h:19},
{t:"To lift in coquetry the tendrilled brows",p:13,x:94,y:740,w:301,h:19},
{t:"Of Dasapura women making lashes",p:13,x:94,y:763,w:272,h:19},
{t:"Unlock a beauty as wild b ees unblouse",p:13,x:94,y:786,w:299,h:19},
{t:"A darkness in the tossing jasmine f lowers.",p:13,x:94,y:810,w:324,h:19},
{t:"11",p:14,x:311,y:858,w:14,h:15},
{t:"Against the land of Brahmātavarta loom,",p:14,x:94,y:83,w:316,h:19},
{t:"Above the graves of Kshatriyas slain",p:14,x:94,y:106,w:276,h:19},
{t:"In hundreds by Arjuna when on Kurus’",p:14,x:94,y:130,w:303,h:19},
{t:"Field his sharpened arro ws fell as rain,",p:14,x:94,y:153,w:296,h:19},
{t:"The which you'll sprinkl e on each lotus bloom.",p:14,x:94,y:176,w:361,h:19},
{t:"Having drunk those waters you are kin",p:14,x:94,y:210,w:299,h:19},
{t:"With Balarama, gen tle one, refraining",p:14,x:94,y:233,w:293,h:19},
{t:"From war with kinsmen as from wine that shone",p:14,x:94,y:256,w:377,h:19},
{t:"In Revati's bright eyes. You, remaining",p:14,x:94,y:280,w:301,h:19},
{t:"Black in colour, are now white within.",p:14,x:94,y:303,w:294,h:19},
{t:"50. Thence to Jahnu's daughter, there descending",p:14,x:94,y:336,w:385,h:19},
{t:"The Himālaya, the heavenly stair",p:14,x:94,y:360,w:255,h:19},
{t:"Of Sagaras, bu t laughing at the frown",p:14,x:94,y:383,w:290,h:19},
{t:"On Gaurī's face to tug at Shiva's hair:",p:14,x:94,y:406,w:288,h:19},
{t:"Her hands as wavelets to his moon extending.",p:14,x:94,y:430,w:354,h:19},
{t:"On Jumunā extended, so it seems",p:14,x:94,y:463,w:259,h:19},
{t:"That instantly your flanks have dropp ed to drink",p:14,x:94,y:486,w:377,h:19},
{t:"Like Indra’s eleph",p:14,x:94,y:510,w:133,h:19},
{t:"ant of crystal white:",p:14,x:234,y:510,w:153,h:19},
{t:"At wrong-place meeting where such blendings sink",p:14,x:94,y:533,w:392,h:19},
{t:"Delightfully in slo wly moving streams.",p:14,x:94,y:556,w:295,h:19},
{t:"Arrived, you 'll rest on peaks of snow,",p:14,x:94,y:590,w:287,h:19},
{t:"Until, in looks recovered, you appear",p:14,x:94,y:613,w:284,h:19},
{t:"As mud that Shiva's bull unearths, and then,",p:14,x:94,y:636,w:345,h:19},
{t:"From rocks thick-scented with the sitting deer,",p:14,x:94,y:660,w:362,h:19},
{t:"You’ll fall to that same river sou rce below .",p:14,x:94,y:683,w:327,h:19},
{t:"When winds ignite Sarala pines that press",p:14,x:94,y:716,w:324,h:19},
{t:"Together, matted as are wild yak",p:14,x:94,y:740,w:243,h:19},
{t:"'s tails,",p:14,x:347,y:740,w:50,h:19},
{t:"Put out the torment with a thousand drops.",p:14,x:94,y:763,w:338,h:19},
{t:"Goods for the eminent, when grief assails,",p:14,x:94,y:786,w:320,h:19},
{t:"Are means t o succour and allay distress.",p:14,x:94,y:810,w:308,h:19},
{t:"12",p:15,x:311,y:858,w:14,h:15},
{t:"Scatter the Sharabhas should these attempt",p:15,x:94,y:83,w:338,h:19},
{t:"On hearing thunder to attack your person:",p:15,x:94,y:106,w:327,h:19},
{t:"Laugh with hailstones as they break their bodies.",p:15,x:94,y:130,w:379,h:19},
{t:"Those, who with extended self-exertion",p:15,x:94,y:153,w:304,h:19},
{t:"Labour fruitlessly, deserve co ntempt.",p:15,x:94,y:176,w:290,h:19},
{t:"Bent low as Siddhas walking round the rim",p:15,x:94,y:210,w:332,h:19},
{t:"Of Shiva's footpr int in an adoration,",p:15,x:94,y:233,w:280,h:19},
{t:"You'll bring your worship as the thronged ascetics",p:15,x:94,y:256,w:384,h:19},
{t:"Who from this rock, and purged of sin' s negation,",p:15,x:94,y:280,w:385,h:19},
{t:"Believe eternally and fo llow him.",p:15,x:94,y:303,w:254,h:19},
{t:"As breezes out of hollow ",p:15,x:94,y:336,w:185,h:19},
{t:"bamboos come",p:15,x:288,y:336,w:115,h:19},
{t:"With pleasing mu sic, and o f conquest sing",p:15,x:94,y:360,w:326,h:19},
{t:"At famed Tripu ra the Kinnara wo men,",p:15,x:94,y:383,w:295,h:19},
{t:"Completing Shiva’s concert you will bring,",p:15,x:94,y:406,w:327,h:19},
{t:"From caves resounding, a mu raja drum.",p:15,x:94,y:430,w:310,h:19},
{t:"From snow-clad mountains northwards, drift your length",p:15,x:94,y:463,w:444,h:19},
{t:"Of glistening darkn ess as th e foot of Vishnu",p:15,x:94,y:486,w:339,h:19},
{t:"Who put down Bali on the Krauncha Mountain.",p:15,x:94,y:510,w:369,h:19},
{t:"Wild birds fram e the opening o f that fissure,",p:15,x:94,y:533,w:345,h:19},
{t:"A tribute to Parashumāra’s strength .",p:15,x:94,y:556,w:285,h:19},
{t:"As joint-cracked Mount Kailāsa’s guest you ’ll stay,",p:15,x:94,y:590,w:390,h:19},
{t:"Whose top was made a mir ror on behalf",p:15,x:94,y:613,w:308,h:19},
{t:"Of heavenly wives by Rāvana. There note",p:15,x:94,y:636,w:318,h:19},
{t:"In peaks as white as lo tuses the laugh",p:15,x:94,y:660,w:291,h:19},
{t:"Of Shiva accumulating, day to day.",p:15,x:94,y:683,w:270,h:19},
{t:"I see you resting as a dark ened stroke",p:15,x:94,y:716,w:291,h:19},
{t:"Across that mountain, just as made-up eyes",p:15,x:94,y:740,w:337,h:19},
{t:"Are capped i n beauty by collyrium.",p:15,x:94,y:763,w:270,h:19},
{t:"Across a fresh-cut tusk of whiteness lies",p:15,x:94,y:786,w:308,h:19},
{t:"The dark blue bulk of Balarama's cloak.",p:15,x:94,y:810,w:300,h:19},
{t:"13",p:16,x:311,y:858,w:14,h:15},
{t:"60. As Shiva gave a help ing arm to greet",p:16,x:94,y:83,w:309,h:19},
{t:"Her, leaving o ff his serpent -fashioned ring,",p:16,x:94,y:106,w:332,h:19},
{t:"So for G aur ī out of froze n water",p:16,x:94,y:130,w:246,h:19},
{t:"Your help upon that pleasure h ill will bring",p:16,x:94,y:153,w:331,h:19},
{t:"A wave-like stairway for her climbing feet.",p:16,x:94,y:176,w:326,h:19},
{t:"Around you, watch the heavenly women sport",p:16,x:94,y:210,w:354,h:19},
{t:"As on your spray-releasing fo rm they beat",p:16,x:94,y:233,w:325,h:19},
{t:"So playfully their bracel et's sharpened points.",p:16,x:94,y:256,w:355,h:19},
{t:"If hard to leave them in the summer heat",p:16,x:94,y:280,w:317,h:19},
{t:"Then hurt their eardrum s with your harsh retort.",p:16,x:94,y:303,w:382,h:19},
{t:"Let at Mōnasa your winds assist",p:16,x:94,y:336,w:243,h:19},
{t:"In shaking droplet-from the wishing-trees,",p:16,x:94,y:360,w:330,h:19},
{t:"And where the mountains in the crystal lake",p:16,x:94,y:383,w:343,h:19},
{t:"Reflect t he golden lot uses, you",p:16,x:94,y:406,w:234,h:19},
{t:"’ll please",p:16,x:332,y:406,w:65,h:19},
{t:"The elephant of Indra with your mist.",p:16,x:94,y:430,w:292,h:19},
{t:"At Alakā the Ganges' clot h unfurls",p:16,x:94,y:463,w:265,h:19},
{t:"But slowly, as with lovers, showing there",p:16,x:94,y:486,w:315,h:19},
{t:"A lap with palaces th at crowd the slopes,",p:16,x:94,y:510,w:312,h:19},
{t:"And falls in seaso n, as your rain th rough air,",p:16,x:94,y:533,w:343,h:19},
{t:"The hair unloosening its strings of pearls.",p:16,x:94,y:556,w:321,h:19},
{t:"Meghaduta: Part Two",p:16,x:117,y:620,w:243,h:27},
{t:"When weighed with Alakā, you look the same,",p:16,x:94,y:669,w:354,h:19},
{t:"You both have palaces t hat graze the sky,",p:16,x:94,y:692,w:319,h:19},
{t:"Both floors of crystal, yours more water-formed;",p:16,x:94,y:716,w:377,h:19},
{t:"For dazzling women you make lightning fly;",p:16,x:94,y:739,w:340,h:19},
{t:"And for her pictures you have rainbow flame.",p:16,x:94,y:762,w:351,h:19},
{t:"14",p:17,x:311,y:858,w:14,h:15},
{t:"All times see lot uses, and wo men where",p:17,x:94,y:83,w:307,h:19},
{t:"The cheeks are beautiful with Lodhra dust;",p:17,x:94,y:106,w:334,h:19},
{t:"Aramanth in topnot, ears acacia:",p:17,x:94,y:130,w:249,h:19},
{t:"At your approach, Kadamba f lowers combust",p:17,x:94,y:153,w:350,h:19},
{t:"Along the path-like partings of the hair.",p:17,x:94,y:176,w:308,h:19},
{t:"On crystal terraces are Yaksh as found,",p:17,x:94,y:210,w:297,h:19},
{t:"Their conso rts beautiful: the high above",p:17,x:94,y:233,w:311,h:19},
{t:"Bright stars reflect as flowers, while wishing trees",p:17,x:94,y:256,w:384,h:19},
{t:"Give Ratiph ala that engenders love",p:17,x:94,y:280,w:271,h:19},
{t:"As drums roll softly with your thunder sound.",p:17,x:94,y:303,w:356,h:19},
{t:"Do not obstruct, but le t the moon-lit air",p:17,x:94,y:336,w:311,h:19},
{t:"Collect in shining water droplet strings.",p:17,x:94,y:360,w:305,h:19},
{t:"Such moonstones mitigate the arm's fatigue",p:17,x:94,y:383,w:341,h:19},
{t:"In pleasu re's drowsiness that loving brings",p:17,x:94,y:406,w:330,h:19},
{t:"To women loosed at last , still ly ing there.",p:17,x:94,y:430,w:318,h:19},
{t:"Propelled by winds across t he mansion tops",p:17,x:94,y:463,w:340,h:19},
{t:"Those wantoning adopt another shape.",p:17,x:94,y:486,w:302,h:19},
{t:"Afraid, lest rain should harm those pain ted walls,",p:17,x:94,y:510,w:381,h:19},
{t:"They change at once to smoke, and make escape",p:17,x:94,y:533,w:370,h:19},
{t:"Through window lattices in tattered drop s.",p:17,x:94,y:556,w:332,h:19},
{t:"When Yaksha lovers would that knot untwist",p:17,x:94,y:590,w:348,h:19},
{t:"Which hides their modest y, as lovers must,",p:17,x:94,y:613,w:334,h:19},
{t:"Abashed, their women in t hat candid light ,",p:17,x:94,y:636,w:332,h:19},
{t:"Would throw on jewelled lamps t heir fists o f dust,",p:17,x:94,y:660,w:387,h:19},
{t:"But fruitlessly : the hands do not desist.",p:17,x:94,y:683,w:303,h:19},
{t:"70. From nighttime visiting, Mandāra curls",p:17,x:94,y:716,w:334,h:19},
{t:"Of petals show the path by women taken,",p:17,x:94,y:740,w:320,h:19},
{t:"As do the rich, gold o rnaments from ears.",p:17,x:94,y:763,w:320,h:19},
{t:"And lef t as dropped, by hurried bodies shaken,",p:17,x:94,y:786,w:362,h:19},
{t:"At dawn lie strings of bosom-scented pearls.",p:17,x:94,y:810,w:340,h:19},
{t:"15",p:18,x:311,y:858,w:14,h:15},
{t:"Respect for Shiva stops the love god use",p:18,x:94,y:83,w:310,h:19},
{t:"His bow too openly, here strung with bees.",p:18,x:94,y:106,w:330,h:19},
{t:"Not so the women who with knitted brows",p:18,x:94,y:130,w:329,h:19},
{t:"Draw back the love-looks and wit h practised ease",p:18,x:94,y:153,w:380,h:19},
{t:"Transfix successively each man they choose.",p:18,x:94,y:176,w:342,h:19},
{t:"Kubera's dwelling northwards, bearing such",p:18,x:94,y:210,w:341,h:19},
{t:"A gate to notice, arched in rainb owed stone:",p:18,x:94,y:233,w:341,h:19},
{t:"So stands my house with young Mand āra tree",p:18,x:94,y:256,w:352,h:19},
{t:"My love adopts as offspring of her own ,",p:18,x:94,y:280,w:305,h:19},
{t:"Bent down with blossoms that a hand may touch.",p:18,x:94,y:303,w:383,h:19},
{t:"To ease their journey, here an emerald flight",p:18,x:94,y:336,w:344,h:19},
{t:"Of stairs leads down t o golden lotuses",p:18,x:94,y:360,w:293,h:19},
{t:"With beryl stems. Lake M ānasa is near,",p:18,x:94,y:383,w:303,h:19},
{t:"But not a settled bird h ere notices",p:18,x:94,y:406,w:263,h:19},
{t:"As now the rainy season looms in sigh t.",p:18,x:94,y:430,w:306,h:19},
{t:"A pleasure mountain rises, sapp hire blue,",p:18,x:94,y:463,w:322,h:19},
{t:"And has about it golden plantain trees.",p:18,x:94,y:486,w:300,h:19},
{t:"You, framed at length there in your lightning strikes,",p:18,x:94,y:510,w:408,h:19},
{t:"Return my loved one to such memories",p:18,x:94,y:533,w:303,h:19},
{t:"Of that same mountain she was fond of too.",p:18,x:94,y:556,w:339,h:19},
{t:"Here the red Ashoka waves, here twine",p:18,x:94,y:590,w:300,h:19},
{t:"The Mādhavī and araman th, a bower",p:18,x:94,y:613,w:285,h:19},
{t:"Close by the Kesara. The f irst requires,",p:18,x:94,y:636,w:299,h:19},
{t:"Like me, a lovely friend's left foot to flowe",p:18,x:94,y:660,w:318,h:19},
{t:"r,",p:18,x:420,y:660,w:11,h:19},
{t:"The last, t hey say, a mou th that sprinkles wine.",p:18,x:94,y:683,w:363,h:19},
{t:"In the midst thereof, where gems enh ance",p:18,x:94,y:716,w:324,h:19},
{t:"Its crystal pedestal, a gold perch stands",p:18,x:94,y:740,w:304,h:19},
{t:"Whose lustre is o f young bamboo. At night,",p:18,x:94,y:763,w:336,h:19},
{t:"Her bracelet s tinkling as sh e claps her hands,",p:18,x:94,y:786,w:350,h:19},
{t:"My loved one makes the friendly peacock dance.",p:18,x:94,y:810,w:372,h:19},
{t:"16",p:19,x:311,y:858,w:14,h:15},
{t:"You'll know, with wisdom stored, O no ble one,",p:19,x:94,y:83,w:359,h:19},
{t:"My house from conch and lotus painted on",p:19,x:94,y:106,w:331,h:19},
{t:"Both sides of do orway and from gloom therein.",p:19,x:94,y:130,w:364,h:19},
{t:"A house that's lustreless wh en I am gone",p:19,x:94,y:153,w:311,h:19},
{t:"As is the lotus when deprived o f sun.",p:19,x:94,y:176,w:285,h:19},
{t:"Descend at once from such exalted height.",p:19,x:94,y:210,w:328,h:19},
{t:"In size a b aby elephant, you'll take",p:19,x:94,y:233,w:267,h:19},
{t:"A seat upon that pleasure-mount. From here,",p:19,x:94,y:256,w:351,h:19},
{t:"Like threaded fireflies, have your lightning make",p:19,x:94,y:280,w:378,h:19},
{t:"Within that house a play o f moderate light",p:19,x:94,y:303,w:325,h:19},
{t:".",p:19,x:425,y:303,w:4,h:19},
{t:"With glances timid as the startled fawn,",p:19,x:94,y:336,w:308,h:19},
{t:"With teeth fine-wrought in ripened Bimba lips,",p:19,x:94,y:360,w:363,h:19},
{t:"Dark skin, deep abdomen, slim waist, perhaps",p:19,x:94,y:383,w:356,h:19},
{t:"With breasts half-burdening slow-moving hips,",p:19,x:94,y:406,w:366,h:19},
{t:"You'll find that mod el of pure woman born.",p:19,x:94,y:430,w:338,h:19},
{t:"80. Reserved sh e is and h ardly speaks, who will",p:19,x:94,y:463,w:367,h:19},
{t:"From day to day become more so litary .",p:19,x:94,y:486,w:303,h:19},
{t:"Oppressed b y absence is my second life:",p:19,x:94,y:510,w:309,h:19},
{t:"A single ch akravāka misery",p:19,x:94,y:533,w:208,h:19},
{t:"Or lotus injured in the winter's ch ill.",p:19,x:94,y:556,w:282,h:19},
{t:"From off her hand her face sh e hardly lifts,",p:19,x:94,y:590,w:333,h:19},
{t:"Her eyes are swo llen, and long sighs replace",p:19,x:94,y:613,w:338,h:19},
{t:"The colour in her lower lip. Her hair’ s",p:19,x:94,y:636,w:293,h:19},
{t:"Unkempt, dishevelled and half hides her face",p:19,x:94,y:660,w:347,h:19},
{t:"As is the moonlight tangled in y our drifts.",p:19,x:94,y:683,w:324,h:19},
{t:"At duties constantly, and makes to view",p:19,x:94,y:716,w:307,h:19},
{t:"In thought my form emaciat ed, yet",p:19,x:94,y:740,w:268,h:19},
{t:"Still asks t he same of that sweet main ā bird:",p:19,x:94,y:763,w:341,h:19},
{t:"Remember him, your master, little pet:",p:19,x:94,y:786,w:303,h:19},
{t:"Of all his song birds he was f ond of you.",p:19,x:94,y:810,w:310,h:19},
{t:"17",p:20,x:311,y:858,w:14,h:15},
{t:"Perhaps she sings there words t hat make my name,",p:20,x:94,y:83,w:396,h:19},
{t:"A lute upon the lap, on which there fall",p:20,x:94,y:106,w:301,h:19},
{t:"Her tears, and on her clothes. She plucks, adjusts",p:20,x:94,y:130,w:383,h:19},
{t:"The strings, fo rgets the melody for all",p:20,x:94,y:153,w:290,h:19},
{t:"That songsmith and its singer are t he same.",p:20,x:94,y:176,w:336,h:19},
{t:"The months allotted from the day exiled",p:20,x:94,y:210,w:308,h:19},
{t:"From me she mark s and counts by flowers set",p:20,x:94,y:233,w:352,h:19},
{t:"Upon the threshold floor, imagining",p:20,x:94,y:256,w:280,h:19},
{t:"The joys of union in bodies met:",p:20,x:94,y:280,w:250,h:19},
{t:"In this way lonely women are beguiled.",p:20,x:94,y:303,w:301,h:19},
{t:"With hand uncared for and with uncut nail",p:20,x:94,y:336,w:333,h:19},
{t:"She brushes hair from cheek, continually",p:20,x:94,y:360,w:318,h:19},
{t:"Reminded o f that rough, bare knot I tied:",p:20,x:94,y:383,w:319,h:19},
{t:"A parting's token to be loosed by me",p:20,x:94,y:406,w:281,h:19},
{t:"When sorrows and that curse no more prevail.",p:20,x:94,y:430,w:356,h:19},
{t:"Engaged and b usily in daylight she",p:20,x:94,y:463,w:270,h:19},
{t:"May feel at night the emptiness, and f ear",p:20,x:94,y:486,w:316,h:19},
{t:"My absent company in separatio n.",p:20,x:94,y:510,w:266,h:19},
{t:"But you at midnigh t looking down may cheer",p:20,x:94,y:533,w:349,h:19},
{t:"Her tossing on her couch with words from me.",p:20,x:94,y:556,w:359,h:19},
{t:"The thinnest moon that hangs beneath the eastern sk y",p:20,x:94,y:590,w:423,h:19},
{t:"Recalls her laid out on her side, wh ere she,",p:20,x:94,y:613,w:329,h:19},
{t:"With tears obstructed and in fitful sleep,",p:20,x:94,y:636,w:313,h:19},
{t:"Can scarce recall t hat bliss, how instantly",p:20,x:94,y:660,w:320,h:19},
{t:"Was pleasure answerin g to her every sigh",p:20,x:94,y:683,w:316,h:19},
{t:".",p:20,x:415,y:683,w:4,h:19},
{t:"Her hair, rou gh-washed in water, on her face",p:20,x:94,y:716,w:346,h:19},
{t:"So spread her swollen lower lip is h urt.",p:20,x:94,y:740,w:301,h:19},
{t:"She sighs wh en thinking of us and our sport ,",p:20,x:94,y:763,w:347,h:19},
{t:"When on an instant now those nigh ts revert",p:20,x:94,y:786,w:338,h:19},
{t:"To hot tears falling on her sleeping plac e.",p:20,x:94,y:810,w:320,h:19},
{t:"18",p:21,x:311,y:858,w:14,h:15},
{t:"Her eyes no t wet with pleasure, yet disposed",p:21,x:94,y:83,w:344,h:19},
{t:"To let the moon in with its nectared ray",p:21,x:94,y:106,w:304,h:19},
{t:"Through creviced eyelash",p:21,x:94,y:130,w:190,h:19},
{t:"es, she t urns away",p:21,x:292,y:130,w:138,h:19},
{t:"Now as the lotus on a cloudy day",p:21,x:94,y:153,w:253,h:19},
{t:"Will show an aspect neither full or closed.",p:21,x:94,y:176,w:324,h:19},
{t:"90. She holds at heart, my friend, su ch love for me",p:21,x:94,y:210,w:391,h:19},
{t:"I knew on separating h ow that state",p:21,x:94,y:233,w:277,h:19},
{t:"Must fall from pleasure into dimming grief .",p:21,x:94,y:256,w:337,h:19},
{t:"The claims I mak e are no t immoderate,",p:21,x:94,y:280,w:304,h:19},
{t:"As all to o fully, brother, you will see.",p:21,x:94,y:303,w:282,h:19},
{t:"Without her ornamen ts, too heavy grown,",p:21,x:94,y:336,w:325,h:19},
{t:"She lies the midway on her bed of pain:",p:21,x:94,y:360,w:304,h:19},
{t:"Enfeebled, miserabl e, consumed by tears.",p:21,x:94,y:383,w:321,h:19},
{t:"Assuredly to view her is to drop your rain,",p:21,x:94,y:406,w:324,h:19},
{t:"An act to which the tender soul is prone.",p:21,x:94,y:430,w:314,h:19},
{t:"Unkempt, without collyrium in her hair,",p:21,x:94,y:463,w:312,h:19},
{t:"No deer-like glances when a look dissembles,",p:21,x:94,y:486,w:348,h:19},
{t:"No eyebrows wanton, and the wine is s topped.",p:21,x:94,y:510,w:358,h:19},
{t:"At your approach, however, her eyelid t rembles",p:21,x:94,y:533,w:367,h:19},
{t:"As fish in leapin g stir a l ily there.",p:21,x:94,y:556,w:255,h:19},
{t:"No near-side nailmarks on her thigh today,",p:21,x:94,y:590,w:334,h:19},
{t:"No pearls at waist, but like the plantain tree",p:21,x:94,y:613,w:340,h:19},
{t:"Whose shoot is moist and tender, yellow-white,",p:21,x:94,y:636,w:367,h:19},
{t:"Her limbs will t remble, and reme mber he",p:21,x:94,y:660,w:320,h:19},
{t:"Would stroke and gent ly knead her after play .",p:21,x:94,y:683,w:355,h:19},
{t:"If she be sweetly sleeping, Clo ud, then stop",p:21,x:94,y:716,w:334,h:19},
{t:"And wait the night-watch passing: qu iet, no thunder.",p:21,x:94,y:740,w:410,h:19},
{t:"She feels my creepers clasp aro und her neck :",p:21,x:94,y:763,w:347,h:19},
{t:"From such or other bliss she may be under",p:21,x:94,y:786,w:330,h:19},
{t:"Don't wake her suddenl y or arms will drop.",p:21,x:94,y:810,w:329,h:19},
{t:"19",p:22,x:311,y:858,w:14,h:15},
{t:"With cool, moist wind you'll have her stirred",p:22,x:94,y:83,w:345,h:19},
{t:"As Mālat ī revive wh en rains appear.",p:22,x:94,y:106,w:272,h:19},
{t:"But mark her status and keep lightning in:",p:22,x:94,y:130,w:327,h:19},
{t:"Intent, she'll wat ch you fill her window, h ear",p:22,x:94,y:153,w:347,h:19},
{t:"The wisdom in each pondered thunder-word.",p:22,x:94,y:176,w:350,h:19},
{t:"You see me as a clou d. I am a friend",p:22,x:94,y:210,w:272,h:19},
{t:"As well o f your dear loved o ne who exhorts",p:22,x:94,y:233,w:333,h:19},
{t:"You hear his message in t hese pleasant sounds,",p:22,x:94,y:256,w:365,h:19},
{t:"As clouds drive ho sts of travellers on with thoughts",p:22,x:94,y:280,w:399,h:19},
{t:"Of hair’s undoing when their journeys end.",p:22,x:94,y:303,w:333,h:19},
{t:"The heart that hears will b rim with eagerness.",p:22,x:94,y:336,w:353,h:19},
{t:"She'll gaze as S",p:22,x:94,y:360,w:111,h:19},
{t:"ītā did on Hanūman,",p:22,x:211,y:360,w:160,h:19},
{t:"And listen avidly , for women know",p:22,x:94,y:383,w:269,h:19},
{t:"That words through confidants of husbands can",p:22,x:94,y:406,w:371,h:19},
{t:"Against reunion weigh scarcely less.",p:22,x:94,y:430,w:277,h:19},
{t:"By words and nature, noble one, be blessed,",p:22,x:94,y:463,w:338,h:19},
{t:"And say h er loved o ne in the Rāma hills",p:22,x:94,y:486,w:306,h:19},
{t:"In penanc e groves, still l iving, asks f or news",p:22,x:94,y:510,w:340,h:19},
{t:"Of one so blamelessly b eset by ills:",p:22,x:94,y:533,w:266,h:19},
{t:"To have her welfare is his f irst request.",p:22,x:94,y:556,w:301,h:19},
{t:"Excessive sorro ws, and her sighs are h is",p:22,x:94,y:590,w:308,h:19},
{t:"As he in waiting sighs f or her. Distress",p:22,x:94,y:613,w:296,h:19},
{t:"That wastes her body draws at his. To block",p:22,x:94,y:636,w:339,h:19},
{t:"Once lawful union with a hopelessness",p:22,x:94,y:660,w:297,h:19},
{t:"Is still t hat fate athwart their path to this.",p:22,x:94,y:683,w:324,h:19},
{t:"100. The one who'd whisper there to touch your face",p:22,x:94,y:716,w:406,h:19},
{t:"With things allow ed in fro nt of female friends",p:22,x:94,y:740,w:353,h:19},
{t:"Is now far out of earshot, out of sight,",p:22,x:94,y:763,w:294,h:19},
{t:"But in his fervent longing for y ou sends",p:22,x:94,y:786,w:305,h:19},
{t:"The words that faithfully this mouth will trace.",p:22,x:94,y:810,w:363,h:19},
{t:"20",p:23,x:311,y:858,w:14,h:15},
{t:"The peacock' s hue within the ringle t's fall,",p:23,x:94,y:83,w:325,h:19},
{t:"The dark-eyed glances o",p:23,x:94,y:106,w:182,h:19},
{t:"f the startled fawn,",p:23,x:281,y:106,w:146,h:19},
{t:"The suppleness of vines in limbs, t he moon's",p:23,x:94,y:130,w:345,h:19},
{t:"Full roundness in th e face—your playful scorn",p:23,x:94,y:153,w:358,h:19},
{t:"In eyebrows tells me you combine them all.",p:23,x:94,y:176,w:334,h:19},
{t:"With mineral dyes I've drawn you in this feint",p:23,x:94,y:210,w:356,h:19},
{t:"Of anger at me when in truth the stone",p:23,x:94,y:233,w:301,h:19},
{t:"Should show me at your feet, my eyes thick-filled",p:23,x:94,y:256,w:381,h:19},
{t:"With tears. How hard a fat e that won't condone",p:23,x:94,y:280,w:369,h:19},
{t:"The warm reunion I long to paint.",p:23,x:94,y:303,w:263,h:19},
{t:"When he who would embrace you only sees",p:23,x:94,y:336,w:335,h:19},
{t:"His virtu ous at distance, and appears",p:23,x:94,y:360,w:283,h:19},
{t:"To outstretched arms an ac he or emptiness,",p:23,x:94,y:383,w:338,h:19},
{t:"The woodland deities are sad: t heir tears",p:23,x:94,y:406,w:312,h:19},
{t:"Are swollen tenderly to pearls in t rees.",p:23,x:94,y:430,w:297,h:19},
{t:"The winds from Himalay an snows that blast",p:23,x:94,y:463,w:341,h:19},
{t:"Their way on southwards to the air have lent",p:23,x:94,y:486,w:345,h:19},
{t:"The smell o f opened pine trees' oozing shoots.",p:23,x:94,y:510,w:357,h:19},
{t:"Let me hold you, worthy one, whose scent",p:23,x:94,y:533,w:322,h:19},
{t:"Has come assuredly from bodies passed.",p:23,x:94,y:556,w:312,h:19},
{t:"How can the night's extended watches shrink",p:23,x:94,y:590,w:349,h:19},
{t:"Or all th e days be cast in m oderate heat?",p:23,x:94,y:613,w:315,h:19},
{t:"But in this manner, with unsteady eye,",p:23,x:94,y:636,w:300,h:19},
{t:"The sights petitioning for my defeat ,",p:23,x:94,y:660,w:282,h:19},
{t:"In pain and h elplessly o f you I think.",p:23,x:94,y:683,w:286,h:19},
{t:"I live by brooding on you. Do no t feel",p:23,x:94,y:716,w:288,h:19},
{t:"Excessive grief f or me, my tender one.",p:23,x:94,y:740,w:294,h:19},
{t:"Unending pain and jo y are no one's lot ,",p:23,x:94,y:763,w:304,h:19},
{t:"But always upwards, downwards we are s",p:23,x:94,y:786,w:310,h:19},
{t:"pun",p:23,x:414,y:786,w:30,h:19},
{t:"About the felly o f life's turning wheel.",p:23,x:94,y:810,w:289,h:19},
{t:"21",p:24,x:311,y:858,w:14,h:15},
{t:"When Vishnu rises from his serpent bed",p:24,x:94,y:83,w:311,h:19},
{t:"The curse has endin g, which is four months hence.",p:24,x:94,y:106,w:392,h:19},
{t:"My soul's desire, no w close your eyes, and t hink",p:24,x:94,y:130,w:371,h:19},
{t:"How love's long parting brings its recompense",p:24,x:94,y:153,w:356,h:19},
{t:"In moonlight falling through that night instead.",p:24,x:94,y:176,w:370,h:19},
{t:"Asleep, wi th arm on neck, in lo ve's long draugh t,",p:24,x:94,y:210,w:377,h:19},
{t:"Your waking caught me with a sudden cry :",p:24,x:94,y:233,w:330,h:19},
{t:"I saw you sporting there with someone else,",p:24,x:94,y:256,w:337,h:19},
{t:"You said, when urgently I pressed fo r why.",p:24,x:94,y:280,w:330,h:19},
{t:"Oh what a rogue you are!—and quietly laughed.",p:24,x:94,y:303,w:368,h:19},
{t:"Accepting, hearing now I am in h ealth,",p:24,x:94,y:336,w:300,h:19},
{t:"Believe no scandals of me. People say",p:24,x:94,y:360,w:287,h:19},
{t:"A love unsatisfied, my dearest , dark-",p:24,x:94,y:383,w:281,h:19},
{t:"Eyed one, must wither and mu st fall away,",p:24,x:94,y:406,w:328,h:19},
{t:"But this my ardour is my added wealt h.",p:24,x:94,y:430,w:306,h:19},
{t:"110. No answer, wort hy one, I seek to gain",p:24,x:94,y:463,w:324,h:19},
{t:"From one who into silence has retired,",p:24,x:94,y:486,w:297,h:19},
{t:"But hope that friendship is its own acceptance:",p:24,x:94,y:510,w:363,h:19},
{t:"The eminent will do as is desired;",p:24,x:94,y:533,w:256,h:19},
{t:"To chātakas in quiet you bring the rain.",p:24,x:94,y:556,w:305,h:19},
{t:"I pray, t his favour granted, as y ou ride",p:24,x:94,y:590,w:297,h:19},
{t:"Above all region s with the rain's dist ension,",p:24,x:94,y:613,w:339,h:19},
{t:"Magnificent, a wanderer, in pit y's",p:24,x:94,y:636,w:259,h:19},
{t:"Kindness—improper though my intervention—",p:24,x:94,y:660,w:363,h:19},
{t:"That lightning not a moment leave you r side.",p:24,x:94,y:683,w:349,h:19},
{t:"22",p:25,x:311,y:858,w:14,h:15},
{t:"Appendix",p:25,x:118,y:76,w:109,h:27},
{t:"Anyone translating classical Sanskrit poetry for a",p:25,x:118,y:127,w:425,h:19},
{t:"contemporary",p:25,x:94,y:150,w:99,h:19},
{t:"audience faces three obstacles: the long and",p:25,x:206,y:151,w:337,h:17},
{t:"quantitative nature of the verse, the elevated diction and impersonal",p:25,x:94,y:175,w:449,h:17},
{t:"style, and the intermingling of Indian religion, mythology and the",p:25,x:94,y:198,w:448,h:17},
{t:"natural world.",p:25,x:94,y:221,w:94,h:17},
{t:"Notes on the Versification",p:25,x:118,y:250,w:285,h:27},
{t:"To these must be added Kalidasa’s freedom in word order. The",p:25,x:118,y:300,w:425,h:17},
{t:"first stanza, which I have translated as:",p:25,x:94,y:324,w:259,h:17},
{t:"A year from amorousness: it passes slowly.",p:25,x:118,y:362,w:248,h:14},
{t:"So thought a Yaksha by his master sent,",p:25,x:118,y:386,w:232,h:14},
{t:"For scanting duty, to the Ramagiry:",p:25,x:118,y:409,w:207,h:14},
{t:"To mope in penance groves as banishment",p:25,x:118,y:432,w:248,h:14},
{t:"By rivers Sita's bathing there made holy.",p:25,x:118,y:456,w:236,h:14},
{t:"in fact has this structure:",p:25,x:94,y:490,w:165,h:17},
{t:"1. kazcit kAntAvirahaguruNA svAdhikAra pramattaH",p:25,x:94,y:523,w:310,h:14},
{t:"   g   g   g   g   l   l   l   l   l  g /  g   l   g   g   l   g   v",p:25,x:94,y:546,w:258,h:14},
{t:"a_certain beloved separation hard_to_be_borne his_own office negligent",p:25,x:94,y:569,w:432,h:14},
{t:"2. zApenAstaMgamitamahimA varSabhogyeNa bhartuH",p:25,x:94,y:592,w:328,h:14},
{t:"    g   g   g   g   l   l   l   l   l  g /  g   l   g   g   l   g   v",p:25,x:94,y:616,w:261,h:14},
{t:" curse caused_to_set power a_year to_be_endured master",p:25,x:94,y:639,w:343,h:14},
{t:"3. yakSaz cakre janakatanayAsnAnapuNyodakeSu",p:25,x:94,y:662,w:292,h:14},
{t:"   g   g   g   g   l   l   l   l   l  g /  g   l   g   g   l   g   v",p:25,x:94,y:686,w:258,h:14},
{t:" Yaksa made janaka daughter bathing pure water",p:25,x:94,y:709,w:286,h:14},
{t:"4. snigdhacchAyAtaruSu vasatiM rAmagiryAzrameSu",p:25,x:94,y:739,w:313,h:14},
{t:"    g   g   g   g   l   l   l   l   l  g /  g   l   g   g   l   g   v",p:25,x:94,y:762,w:261,h:14},
{t:" pleasant tree_affording_shade dwelling Rama_mountain hermitage",p:25,x:94,y:786,w:403,h:14},
{t:"23",p:26,x:311,y:858,w:14,h:15},
{t:"where l indicates a short syllable and g a long one: the v can be long or",p:26,x:94,y:85,w:450,h:17},
{t:"short. Each line is unrhymed, and follows the same pattern of 10 long",p:26,x:94,y:108,w:449,h:17},
{t:"syllables and 7 short ones, which allows a great deal to be said with",p:26,x:94,y:131,w:449,h:17},
{t:"unhurried beauty.",p:26,x:94,y:155,w:120,h:17},
{t:"Clearly, nothing in English remotely resembles the Mandakrata",p:26,x:118,y:191,w:425,h:17},
{t:"metre, and the translator must either 1. give up regular forms and",p:26,x:94,y:215,w:448,h:17},
{t:"allow stanzas to expand to individual content, probably employing",p:26,x:94,y:238,w:448,h:17},
{t:"prose or free verse of some sort, 2. use stanzas of some recognized",p:26,x:94,y:261,w:448,h:17},
{t:"English stanza, compressing the meaning into four relatively short",p:26,x:94,y:285,w:448,h:17},
{t:"lines, or 3. employ a traditional English verse line in an ampler stanza",p:26,x:94,y:308,w:449,h:17},
{t:"form.",p:26,x:94,y:331,w:36,h:17},
{t:"Most free verse today is a variously-ordered prose, which allows",p:26,x:118,y:368,w:425,h:17},
{t:"the prosaic surface meaning to be closely rendered, but not the aes-",p:26,x:94,y:391,w:448,h:17},
{t:"thetic and emotive power which makes the original worth reading.",p:26,x:94,y:415,w:449,h:17},
{t:"True free verse may indeed be moving and beautiful, but  employs an",p:26,x:94,y:438,w:449,h:17},
{t:"adroit phrasing intended to convey nuances of feeling in everyday",p:26,x:94,y:461,w:448,h:17},
{t:"speech through subtle changes in syntax and word arrangement―a",p:26,x:94,y:485,w:448,h:17},
{t:"phrasing that has nothing to do with traditional metre. Kalidasa did",p:26,x:94,y:508,w:449,h:17},
{t:"not write in the vernacular, of course, but in an elevated court lan-",p:26,x:94,y:531,w:448,h:17},
{t:"guage. He did not express his feelings, moreover, or strive for original-",p:26,x:94,y:555,w:449,h:17},
{t:"ity, but rendered more extensively and beautifully what was already",p:26,x:94,y:578,w:448,h:17},
{t:"known to his audience.",p:26,x:94,y:601,w:152,h:17},
{t:"Though it is certainly possible—option two—to employ a tradi-",p:26,x:118,y:638,w:425,h:17},
{t:"tional stanza form to render the Mandakrata quatrains, the loss is not",p:26,x:94,y:661,w:449,h:17},
{t:"simply shades of meaning, but that fusion of form and content which",p:26,x:94,y:685,w:448,h:17},
{t:"distinguishes poetry from versified prose. Once the door is opened to",p:26,x:94,y:708,w:448,h:17},
{t:"leaving out words that do not fit the stanza, there is no need to adapt",p:26,x:94,y:731,w:447,h:17},
{t:"and extend the power of verse to precisely express what Kalidasa is",p:26,x:94,y:755,w:449,h:17},
{t:"saying, and translations tend to convey western sentiments in an In-",p:26,x:94,y:778,w:450,h:17},
{t:"dian setting.",p:26,x:94,y:801,w:82,h:17},
{t:"24",p:27,x:311,y:858,w:14,h:15},
{t:"In English there is only one line with the beauty, emotional power,",p:27,x:118,y:85,w:424,h:17},
{t:"flexibility and wealth of precedent to be serviceable, and that is the",p:27,x:94,y:108,w:448,h:17},
{t:"iambic pentameter. I have therefore—option three—developed a slow-",p:27,x:94,y:131,w:449,h:17},
{t:"moving iambic pentameter in stanzas of five lines, holding together a",p:27,x:94,y:155,w:449,h:17},
{t:"free use of tense and sometimes word order by an introduced abxba",p:27,x:94,y:178,w:448,h:17},
{t:"rhyme scheme.",p:27,x:94,y:201,w:101,h:17},
{t:"Introduction to Sanskrit Poetry",p:27,x:118,y:230,w:329,h:27},
{t:"Kalidasa’s free word order resists any unambiguous, word-for-",p:27,x:118,y:280,w:424,h:17},
{t:"word rendering, in prose or verse. Classical Sanskrit poetry commonl y",p:27,x:94,y:304,w:448,h:17},
{t:"lacks relative or subordinate clauses, moreover, or even finite verbs at",p:27,x:94,y:327,w:449,h:17},
{t:"times, employing in their place long compounds and gerunds with the",p:27,x:94,y:350,w:448,h:17},
{t:"passive tense.",p:27,x:94,y:374,w:91,h:17},
{t:"For poetry, that brings benefits and difficulties. The 'precise mean-",p:27,x:118,y:410,w:425,h:17},
{t:"ing'—in the way expected of European prose—is not always clear, and",p:27,x:94,y:434,w:448,h:17},
{t:"interpretations naturally differ. Compounds can also be involved—",p:27,x:94,y:457,w:448,h:17},
{t:"monstrously so in later poetry—but do produce evocative similes. One",p:27,x:94,y:480,w:448,h:17},
{t:"celebrated example isvIcikSobhastanitavihagazreNikA JcIguNA, the",p:27,x:94,y:504,w:451,h:17},
{t:"first line of Stanza 28, which is a compound (samasa) in two parts.",p:27,x:94,y:527,w:449,h:17},
{t:"The second is simple:kAJcI-guNA, a girdle-string. The first is an ad-",p:27,x:94,y:550,w:448,h:19},
{t:"jectival descriptive samasa in which vihaga-zreNi, row of birds, is",p:27,x:94,y:573,w:448,h:19},
{t:"qualified byvIcikSobhastanita, loquacious through wave agitatio n. The",p:27,x:94,y:596,w:449,h:19},
{t:"latter is itself another samasa, in which stanita is qualified by the",p:27,x:94,y:620,w:449,h:19},
{t:"compound",p:27,x:94,y:644,w:71,h:17},
{t:"vIci-kSobha, agitation of the waves. Involved, yes, but",p:27,x:172,y:643,w:370,h:19},
{t:"through its use Kalidasa can draw a parallel between the river and a",p:27,x:94,y:667,w:449,h:17},
{t:"woman making her overtures of love. Compound similes operate",p:27,x:94,y:690,w:448,h:17},
{t:"throughout Meghaduta, where the cloud's life-giving passage across",p:27,x:94,y:714,w:448,h:17},
{t:"the parched Indian landscape is an extended metaphor for the sexual",p:27,x:94,y:737,w:449,h:17},
{t:"congress of nature.",p:27,x:94,y:760,w:125,h:17},
{t:"Sanskrit plays, and probably its poetry recitations, were formal",p:27,x:118,y:797,w:425,h:17},
{t:"occasions, given before the whole court. Decorum was important.",p:27,x:94,y:820,w:448,h:17},
{t:"25",p:28,x:311,y:858,w:14,h:15},
{t:"Kings are rather stereotyped, praised for their virtue, prowess on the",p:28,x:94,y:85,w:448,h:17},
{t:"battlefield and skill in the harem. Wives are dutiful, courtiers faithful",p:28,x:94,y:108,w:449,h:17},
{t:"and other women modest. It is a world of great beauty and sensitivity",p:28,x:94,y:131,w:448,h:17},
{t:"to nature, but the players are not characters in any Shakespearean",p:28,x:94,y:155,w:449,h:17},
{t:"sense, and vexing social issues do not intrude. The sentiment of kama",p:28,x:94,y:178,w:448,h:17},
{t:"or love which underlies these compositions is not the dangerous,",p:28,x:94,y:201,w:448,h:17},
{t:"fracturing passion of Greek or Jacobean drama, but something",p:28,x:94,y:225,w:448,h:17},
{t:"accepted, expanded in all its forms and contained by strict rules. Of",p:28,x:94,y:248,w:448,h:17},
{t:"the fourteen conditions of the Kamasutra, eleven appear in",p:28,x:94,y:271,w:448,h:17},
{t:"Meghaduta. A sympathetic and moving exposition of these conditions",p:28,x:94,y:295,w:449,h:17},
{t:"is what the audience looked for.",p:28,x:94,y:318,w:209,h:17},
{t:"Even more unlike poetry today, Sanskrit poetry was chanted, and",p:28,x:118,y:355,w:425,h:17},
{t:"the poet was expected to draw on a very large number of synonyms to",p:28,x:94,y:378,w:448,h:17},
{t:"develop, ever more richly and evocatively, a palpable, emotion-laden",p:28,x:94,y:401,w:448,h:17},
{t:"atmosphere where the audience could realize again the cultural",p:28,x:94,y:425,w:448,h:17},
{t:"implications of their world. The Mandakrata is a long metre, slow",p:28,x:94,y:448,w:449,h:17},
{t:"moving and complicated, but one allowing Kalidasa to exploit the",p:28,x:94,y:471,w:448,h:17},
{t:"sonorous effects of Sanskrit in self-contained stanzas of great beauty.",p:28,x:94,y:495,w:448,h:17},
{t:"It is these aspects I have sought to render in this translation, playing",p:28,x:94,y:518,w:449,h:17},
{t:"the phrasing in various ways against the stanza form, and extracting",p:28,x:94,y:541,w:449,h:17},
{t:"what music I can from the words operating in a predominantly iambic",p:28,x:94,y:565,w:448,h:17},
{t:"setting.",p:28,x:94,y:588,w:48,h:17},
{t:"Poets write to exploit their medium, and it is unlike ly that the",p:28,x:118,y:625,w:425,h:17},
{t:"meaning of a particular stanza, even when loosely paraphrased, will",p:28,x:94,y:648,w:449,h:17},
{t:"neatly fill the space available in its English equivalent. As it happens,",p:28,x:94,y:671,w:449,h:17},
{t:"this translation comes very close to previous prose renderings, which",p:28,x:94,y:695,w:449,h:17},
{t:"are themselves radical reorderings and interpretations of the Sanskrit.",p:28,x:94,y:718,w:450,h:17},
{t:"The small departures from a simple prose sense are listed in the Notes",p:28,x:94,y:741,w:448,h:17},
{t:"below, but I illustrate here two instances where I have been unable to",p:28,x:94,y:765,w:448,h:17},
{t:"encompass the meaning in my chosen form. The first is Stanza 7,",p:28,x:94,y:788,w:449,h:17},
{t:"where the second part runs: ‘the rich Yaksha mansions in Alakā are",p:28,x:94,y:811,w:448,h:17},
{t:"26",p:29,x:311,y:858,w:14,h:15},
{t:"bathed in moonlight emanating from the head of Shiva, who dwells in",p:29,x:94,y:85,w:449,h:17},
{t:"an outer garden of the city’. Space considerations obliged me to",p:29,x:94,y:108,w:448,h:17},
{t:"choose between ‘outer’ and explaining where the moonbeams came",p:29,x:94,y:131,w:451,h:17},
{t:"from. Originally I wrote the enigmatic:",p:29,x:94,y:155,w:256,h:17},
{t:"I ask you, shelter from the sweltering days,",p:29,x:118,y:193,w:249,h:14},
{t:"As one apart, beneath Kubēra's sanctions,",p:29,x:118,y:217,w:244,h:14},
{t:"To bear this message to a loved one waiting",p:29,x:118,y:240,w:252,h:14},
{t:"In Alakā, where Shiva on those mansions",p:29,x:118,y:263,w:241,h:14},
{t:"Sheds moonlight from his forehead’s garden blaze.",p:29,x:118,y:287,w:297,h:14},
{t:"But that was too compressed, and it seemed better to leave the",p:29,x:118,y:318,w:425,h:17},
{t:"parallels implied: that as the earth is under the sun’s fierce heat in",p:29,x:94,y:341,w:449,h:17},
{t:"summer, and the Yaksha is under Kubēra’s wrath, so are the mansions",p:29,x:94,y:365,w:449,h:17},
{t:"where the Yakshas live under the blaze of moonlight from Shiva’s fore-",p:29,x:94,y:388,w:449,h:17},
{t:"head. There may be some significance in the word ‘outer’, but I",p:29,x:94,y:411,w:448,h:17},
{t:"suspect Kalidasa is again filling the Mandakrata metre with beautiful",p:29,x:94,y:435,w:449,h:17},
{t:"phrases. So:",p:29,x:94,y:458,w:80,h:17},
{t:"I ask you, shelter from the sun’s fierce glare,",p:29,x:117,y:497,w:257,h:14},
{t:"As one apart, beneath Kubēra's sanctions,",p:29,x:117,y:520,w:244,h:14},
{t:"To bear this message to a loved one waiting",p:29,x:117,y:543,w:252,h:14},
{t:"In Alakā, where Shiva on those mansions",p:29,x:117,y:567,w:241,h:14},
{t:"Sheds forehead’s moonlight from his garden there.",p:29,x:117,y:590,w:297,h:14},
{t:"The second is Stanza 73, where the Yaksha compares the cloud to",p:29,x:117,y:621,w:425,h:17},
{t:"Alakā by its palatial appearance in the sky, its watery form to gem-",p:29,x:94,y:645,w:448,h:17},
{t:"inlaid floors, its rainbows to pictures, its lightning flashes to dazzling",p:29,x:94,y:668,w:448,h:17},
{t:"women and its thunder to drumming music . We can deal with this list",p:29,x:94,y:691,w:448,h:17},
{t:"of fanciful comparisons by writing:",p:29,x:94,y:715,w:231,h:17},
{t:"When weighed with Alakā, you look the same,",p:29,x:117,y:753,w:268,h:14},
{t:"You both have palaces with high sky crowned,",p:29,x:117,y:777,w:267,h:14},
{t:"Both floors of crystal, yours more water-formed;",p:29,x:117,y:800,w:282,h:14},
{t:"27",p:30,x:311,y:858,w:14,h:15},
{t:"For women, lightning; drumming, thunder sound;",p:30,x:118,y:87,w:294,h:14},
{t:"And for her pictures you show rainbow flame.",p:30,x:118,y:110,w:267,h:14},
{t:"But it seems better to explain the comparisons, and omit the",p:30,x:118,y:141,w:425,h:17},
{t:"drumming comparison, which appears too often anyway in",p:30,x:94,y:165,w:449,h:17},
{t:"Meghaduta:",p:30,x:94,y:188,w:80,h:17},
{t:"When weighed with Alakā, you look the same,",p:30,x:118,y:227,w:268,h:14},
{t:"You both have palaces that graze the sky,",p:30,x:118,y:250,w:239,h:14},
{t:"Both floors of crystal, yours more water-formed,",p:30,x:118,y:273,w:281,h:14},
{t:"For dazzling women you make lightning fly,",p:30,x:118,y:297,w:256,h:14},
{t:"And for her pictures you have rainbow flame.",p:30,x:118,y:320,w:264,h:14},
{t:"The Hultzsch text seems a little repetitious, but as my Sanskrit is",p:30,x:118,y:351,w:425,h:17},
{t:"not good enough to tell what is authentic Kalidasa from what is not, I",p:30,x:94,y:375,w:448,h:17},
{t:"have kept to the Hultzsch version in all instances but Stanza 61, where",p:30,x:94,y:398,w:448,h:17},
{t:"a phrase from Kale’s version has been substituted to make matters",p:30,x:94,y:421,w:448,h:17},
{t:"clearer.",p:30,x:94,y:445,w:49,h:17},
{t:"Previous translators and commentators have of course suggested",p:30,x:118,y:481,w:424,h:17},
{t:"many interpretations and phrasings, helping enormously to guard my",p:30,x:94,y:505,w:448,h:17},
{t:"basic Sanskrit from obvious blunders. I am greatly indebted to them,",p:30,x:94,y:528,w:449,h:17},
{t:"but have placed just the references I found most usefu l in the final",p:30,x:94,y:551,w:450,h:17},
{t:"section.",p:30,x:94,y:575,w:51,h:17},
{t:"28",p:31,x:311,y:858,w:14,h:15},
{t:"Notes on Individual Stanzas",p:31,x:118,y:90,w:304,h:27},
{t:"Although we read Kalidasa for the beauty of his poetry, any",p:31,x:118,y:140,w:424,h:17},
{t:"decent translation will contain many unfamilar words and concepts,",p:31,x:94,y:164,w:448,h:17},
{t:"plus references to India’s customs, religion, geography",p:31,x:94,y:187,w:366,h:17},
{t:"and animal",p:31,x:467,y:187,w:75,h:17},
{t:"life that illustrate and extend the narrative. Hence these notes, where",p:31,x:94,y:210,w:449,h:17},
{t:"it should be remembered that Kalidasa is India’s Shakespeare, with a",p:31,x:94,y:234,w:449,h:17},
{t:"critical literature to match. Much is disputed: authenticity of texts,",p:31,x:94,y:257,w:449,h:17},
{t:"interpretation of lines, even the identity of some plants, places and",p:31,x:94,y:280,w:449,h:17},
{t:"animals. The reader will catch hints of such controversies on Internet",p:31,x:94,y:304,w:449,h:17},
{t:"sites, though most are the concern of scholarly journals. More in",p:31,x:94,y:327,w:448,h:17},
{t:"evidence on the Internet, and well worth following up, are",p:31,x:94,y:350,w:448,h:17},
{t:"photographs and details of places mentioned in the text, and proper",p:31,x:94,y:374,w:448,h:17},
{t:"treatments of Indian customs, religion, and mythology.",p:31,x:94,y:397,w:364,h:17},
{t:"Stanza 1",p:31,x:94,y:432,w:63,h:19},
{t:"Yakshas were nature deities, a class of semi-divine beings, benevolent",p:31,x:94,y:467,w:449,h:17},
{t:"and inoffensive generally, who attended Kubēra, the Hindu god of",p:31,x:94,y:490,w:449,h:17},
{t:"wealth. Why this Yaksha was banished from home and consort in",p:31,x:94,y:514,w:449,h:17},
{t:"Alakā, we are not told, only that he had been negligent in his duties.",p:31,x:94,y:537,w:449,h:17},
{t:"The Rāmagiry, or Rāma hills, were probably located in east-central",p:31,x:94,y:560,w:448,h:17},
{t:"India at Namtek, in present-day Maharashtra, which was a popular",p:31,x:94,y:584,w:448,h:17},
{t:"place of pilgrimage allowing devotees to practise penances in hermit",p:31,x:94,y:607,w:448,h:17},
{t:"cells, monasteries or secluded glades. Sītā, identified as the daughter",p:31,x:94,y:630,w:448,h:17},
{t:"of Janaka, a brave king of Mithila, is the faithful wife in the popular",p:31,x:94,y:654,w:448,h:17},
{t:"Ramayana story, who remains true to her husband Rāma through",p:31,x:94,y:677,w:449,h:17},
{t:"appalling hardships.",p:31,x:94,y:700,w:136,h:17},
{t:"Stanza 2",p:31,x:94,y:729,w:65,h:19},
{t:"Āshādha is the lunar month of June-July. I have omitted emaciated",p:31,x:94,y:764,w:449,h:17},
{t:"from ‘wrist’. The translated last line is rather condensed or unclear in",p:31,x:94,y:787,w:449,h:17},
{t:"the original, and I have added ‘in heat’ to draw out the meaning: the",p:31,x:94,y:810,w:448,h:17},
{t:"29",p:32,x:311,y:858,w:14,h:15},
{t:"elephant-shaped cloud, in seeming to butt the mountain, reminds the",p:32,x:94,y:85,w:448,h:17},
{t:"Yaksha of past love-making.",p:32,x:94,y:108,w:185,h:17},
{t:"Stanza 3",p:32,x:94,y:136,w:65,h:19},
{t:"The general meaning is that a cloud, which brings thoughts of rain and",p:32,x:94,y:171,w:449,h:17},
{t:"so disquiet or happiness to the ordinary viewer, here causes the Yak-",p:32,x:94,y:195,w:449,h:17},
{t:"sha to remember his consort who loved to cling to his neck. I hav e",p:32,x:94,y:218,w:448,h:17},
{t:"read meghāloke as ‘not-of-this-world-cloud’, rather than the more",p:32,x:94,y:241,w:448,h:17},
{t:"usual ‘cloud-seeing’, to link the cloud’s form with the insubstantial",p:32,x:94,y:265,w:449,h:17},
{t:"nature of memory. The King of Kings is Kubēra, the god of wealth or",p:32,x:94,y:288,w:449,h:17},
{t:"treasures.",p:32,x:94,y:310,w:65,h:19},
{t:"Stanza 4",p:32,x:94,y:340,w:65,h:19},
{t:"The text says Nabhas, July to August, which opens the rainy season in",p:32,x:94,y:375,w:449,h:17},
{t:"India. The Yaksha makes an offering of Kutaja flowers (Holarrhena",p:32,x:94,y:397,w:448,h:19},
{t:"antidysentrica), which are white and appear at this time.",p:32,x:94,y:420,w:372,h:19},
{t:"Stanza 6",p:32,x:94,y:450,w:65,h:19},
{t:"A little complicated. The Yaksha is flattering the cloud, comparing it to",p:32,x:94,y:485,w:449,h:17},
{t:"those diluvian clouds appearing at the end of the world, and acknowl-",p:32,x:94,y:508,w:449,h:17},
{t:"edging that it serves Indra, the Hindu god able to assume any form at",p:32,x:94,y:531,w:448,h:17},
{t:"will.",p:32,x:94,y:555,w:28,h:17},
{t:"Stanza 7",p:32,x:94,y:583,w:64,h:19},
{t:"An expanded prose rendering will run something like: You, who act",p:32,x:94,y:618,w:449,h:17},
{t:"as shelter from the summer heat, and as one separated and suffering",p:32,x:94,y:641,w:448,h:17},
{t:"from Kubēra’s anger, I beg to bear a message to a loved one in Alakā,",p:32,x:94,y:665,w:448,h:17},
{t:"where the mansions of wealthy Yakshas are bathed in the moonlight",p:32,x:94,y:688,w:448,h:17},
{t:"emanating from Shiva who is resident in the city’s outer garden. Con-",p:32,x:94,y:711,w:449,h:17},
{t:"densing, I made more explicit the comparison between the Yaksha",p:32,x:94,y:735,w:450,h:17},
{t:"and the earth suffering from summer heat, and omitted the ‘outer’.",p:32,x:94,y:758,w:442,h:17},
{t:"Stanza 8",p:32,x:94,y:786,w:66,h:19},
{t:"Wives with husbands absent traditionally left their hair unkempt.",p:32,x:94,y:821,w:433,h:17},
{t:"30",p:33,x:311,y:858,w:14,h:15},
{t:"Stanza 9",p:33,x:94,y:83,w:65,h:19},
{t:"The brother’s wife is the Yaksha’s consort, the Yaksha calling the",p:33,x:94,y:118,w:449,h:17},
{t:"cloud brother. The Sanskrit of the last line simply says ‘faithful’.",p:33,x:94,y:141,w:423,h:17},
{t:"Stanza 10",p:33,x:94,y:170,w:73,h:19},
{t:"Kalidasa supposes the left side to be propitious, and continues the",p:33,x:94,y:205,w:449,h:17},
{t:"popular view that clouds make the cranes conceive, probably because",p:33,x:94,y:228,w:448,h:17},
{t:"the rainy season coincides with their gestation period.",p:33,x:94,y:251,w:357,h:17},
{t:"Stanza 11",p:33,x:94,y:280,w:70,h:19},
{t:"Mānasa is the holy lake near Mount Kailāsa, to which geese make an",p:33,x:94,y:315,w:449,h:17},
{t:"annual migration. ‘Assurances of harvest’ may be white mushrooms or",p:33,x:94,y:338,w:448,h:17},
{t:"flowers of the plantain tree: authorities disagree, and I have opted for",p:33,x:94,y:361,w:448,h:17},
{t:"significance rather than the botany.",p:33,x:94,y:385,w:235,h:17},
{t:"Stanza 12",p:33,x:94,y:413,w:72,h:19},
{t:"Rāma was a king of ancient India who fe atures in the Ramayana,",p:33,x:94,y:445,w:444,h:17},
{t:"one of the two great Hindu ep ics. For his father's honour, R āma",p:33,x:94,y:468,w:448,h:17},
{t:"gave up his claim to Kosala's throne for exile in the forest, and then",p:33,x:94,y:491,w:448,h:17},
{t:"fought R āvana and his demo nic powers to retriev",p:33,x:94,y:515,w:331,h:17},
{t:"e his kidnapped",p:33,x:433,y:515,w:108,h:17},
{t:"wife S ītā.",p:33,x:94,y:538,w:64,h:17},
{t:"Stanza 14",p:33,x:94,y:570,w:72,h:19},
{t:"Siddhas are a class of semi-divine beings thought to inhabit the",p:33,x:94,y:601,w:448,h:18},
{t:"space between the sun and earth, and noted for extreme purity",p:33,x:94,y:624,w:448,h:18},
{t:"and holiness. Nichula is a type of cane growing in watery loca-",p:33,x:94,y:647,w:448,h:18},
{t:"tions.",p:33,x:94,y:670,w:41,h:18},
{t:"Stanza 15",p:33,x:94,y:703,w:72,h:19},
{t:"The ‘serpent’ is only implicit in the Sanskrit text, in the mention of",p:33,x:94,y:738,w:449,h:17},
{t:"ant-hill, and the popular view of rainbows as gems in the hoods of",p:33,x:94,y:761,w:449,h:17},
{t:"great serpents. ‘Diademed’ is my addition. Krishna, the dark-bodied",p:33,x:94,y:785,w:448,h:17},
{t:"31",p:34,x:311,y:858,w:14,h:15},
{t:"cowherd incarnation of Vishnu often wears a headdress of peacock",p:34,x:94,y:85,w:448,h:17},
{t:"feathers: the text says ‘with peacock tailfeathers flashing’.",p:34,x:94,y:108,w:380,h:17},
{t:"Stanza 16",p:34,x:94,y:136,w:72,h:19},
{t:"Māla in the Sanskrit may refer to a specific but unknown location, or,",p:34,x:94,y:171,w:448,h:17},
{t:"more probably, and as accepted here, simply an elevated, hilly spot.",p:34,x:94,y:195,w:448,h:17},
{t:"Stanza 17",p:34,x:94,y:223,w:71,h:19},
{t:"Āmrakūta is generally taken to be present-day Amarakantaka, the",p:34,x:94,y:258,w:448,h:17},
{t:"eastern part of the Vindhya mountains where the Narmadā and other",p:34,x:94,y:281,w:449,h:17},
{t:"rivers rise. The Vindhya is one of seven mountain ranges that separate",p:34,x:94,y:305,w:449,h:17},
{t:"Hindustan from the Deccan, forming the southern boundary of Mad-",p:34,x:94,y:328,w:449,h:17},
{t:"hyadesha in central India.",p:34,x:94,y:351,w:173,h:17},
{t:"Stanza 19",p:34,x:94,y:380,w:72,h:19},
{t:"Revā is another name for the Narmandā, one of the sacred rivers of",p:34,x:94,y:415,w:449,h:17},
{t:"India, which rises on Mount Āmrakūta in Gondvana and runs some",p:34,x:94,y:438,w:450,h:17},
{t:"800 miles westwards to empty into the Gulf of Cambay.",p:34,x:94,y:461,w:368,h:17},
{t:"Stanza 20",p:34,x:94,y:490,w:75,h:19},
{t:"Jumbū is the rose apple tree,Eugenia jambolana or similar species.",p:34,x:94,y:525,w:448,h:17},
{t:"The ‘drink in moderation’ is my amplification of the text, which simply",p:34,x:94,y:548,w:448,h:17},
{t:"balances the need for lightness against the worthiness of carrying",p:34,x:94,y:571,w:448,h:17},
{t:"moisture.",p:34,x:94,y:595,w:63,h:17},
{t:"Stanza 21",p:34,x:94,y:623,w:72,h:19},
{t:"The Nipa and Kadamba (of stanza 25) may be different species of the",p:34,x:94,y:658,w:448,h:17},
{t:"same tree (Stephegyne genus ), and the flowers of both are used to",p:34,x:94,y:681,w:448,h:17},
{t:"decorate the hair. The immature flowers of the Nipa are greenish-",p:34,x:94,y:705,w:449,h:17},
{t:"brown in colour, and are thought in the early monsoon period to incite",p:34,x:94,y:728,w:448,h:17},
{t:"feelings of love. The Kandali (Musa superba) bears its red flowers only",p:34,x:94,y:751,w:448,h:17},
{t:"after the ground has been soaked by monsoon rains.",p:34,x:94,y:775,w:345,h:17},
{t:"32",p:35,x:311,y:858,w:14,h:15},
{t:"Stanza 22",p:35,x:94,y:83,w:74,h:19},
{t:"The Kakubha is also known as the Arjuna tree (Terminalia arjuna)",p:35,x:94,y:118,w:448,h:17},
{t:"and has clusters of flowers towards the end of the hot season resem-",p:35,x:94,y:141,w:448,h:17},
{t:"bling those of the mango: they have a sweet smell.",p:35,x:94,y:165,w:331,h:17},
{t:"Stanza 23",p:35,x:94,y:193,w:74,h:19},
{t:"The Ketaka (Pandanas odoratissimus) is a shrub with very fragrant",p:35,x:94,y:228,w:449,h:17},
{t:"flowers in the shape of long, pointed leaves. The crows nesting in sa-",p:35,x:94,y:251,w:451,h:17},
{t:"cred trees may be a reference to contemporary closures of Buddhist",p:35,x:94,y:275,w:448,h:17},
{t:"monasteries.",p:35,x:94,y:298,w:85,h:17},
{t:"Stanza 24",p:35,x:94,y:331,w:65,h:17},
{t:"Vidishā was the capital of the second century BC Sunga dynasty, and",p:35,x:94,y:355,w:448,h:17},
{t:"of the Dashārna region, modern Dhasan. The city was probably Bes-",p:35,x:94,y:378,w:449,h:17},
{t:"nagar, near Bhilsa in Madhya Pradesh. The River Vetravati is the",p:35,x:94,y:401,w:448,h:17},
{t:"modern Betwa, which flows north-eastwards from the Pāriyātra",p:35,x:94,y:425,w:448,h:17},
{t:"mountain to join the Yamunā above its confluence with the Ganges.",p:35,x:94,y:448,w:446,h:17},
{t:"Stanza 25",p:35,x:94,y:476,w:74,h:19},
{t:"Nichais is probably the ancient name of the Udaigiri hill near Vidishā,",p:35,x:94,y:511,w:449,h:17},
{t:"which has caves, some with inscriptions and sculptures dating from",p:35,x:94,y:535,w:449,h:17},
{t:"the Gupta period.",p:35,x:94,y:558,w:117,h:17},
{t:"Stanza 27",p:35,x:94,y:586,w:73,h:19},
{t:"Ujjain was the splendid capital of the Kushan empire (AD 25–320), a",p:35,x:94,y:621,w:449,h:17},
{t:"seat of learning and great trade centre. The city declined under the",p:35,x:94,y:645,w:449,h:17},
{t:"succeeding Guptas, but still draws tourists to its many temples and",p:35,x:94,y:668,w:448,h:17},
{t:"monuments. The text includes ‘travel northward’, which I’ve omitted",p:35,x:94,y:691,w:449,h:17},
{t:"for reasons of space and euphony.",p:35,x:94,y:715,w:224,h:17},
{t:"Stanza 28",p:35,x:94,y:743,w:75,h:19},
{t:"The Nirvandhyā emerged from the Vindhya mountains, and is now",p:35,x:94,y:778,w:448,h:17},
{t:"called the Nevuz, a tributary of the Chambal between the Betwa and",p:35,x:94,y:801,w:448,h:17},
{t:"Kalisindh rivers.",p:35,x:94,y:825,w:110,h:17},
{t:"33",p:36,x:311,y:858,w:14,h:15},
{t:"Stanza 29",p:36,x:94,y:83,w:75,h:19},
{t:"A River Sindhu exists in Kashmir, but this Sindhu is probably an uni-",p:36,x:94,y:118,w:449,h:17},
{t:"dentified river in Malwa.",p:36,x:94,y:141,w:164,h:17},
{t:"Stanza 30",p:36,x:94,y:170,w:75,h:19},
{t:"Avanti is Malwa, or western Madhya Pradesh now. Udayana was a",p:36,x:94,y:205,w:449,h:17},
{t:"prince of the lunar race, and his anecdotes passed into popular folk-",p:36,x:94,y:228,w:449,h:17},
{t:"lore.",p:36,x:94,y:251,w:30,h:17},
{t:"Stanza31",p:36,x:94,y:280,w:68,h:19},
{t:"The Shiprā is a tributary of the Chambal, and the river on which Ujjain",p:36,x:94,y:315,w:449,h:17},
{t:"stands.",p:36,x:94,y:338,w:47,h:17},
{t:"Stanza 33",p:36,x:94,y:366,w:74,h:19},
{t:"Shiva is the god of three worlds, and Ganas are his attendants. Shiva’s",p:36,x:94,y:401,w:449,h:17},
{t:"neck turned black when he drank the poison produced by the churn-",p:36,x:94,y:425,w:448,h:17},
{t:"ing of the milky ocean. The Gandhavatī is a small river that formed the",p:36,x:94,y:448,w:449,h:17},
{t:"boundary of the temple garden at Mahākāla.",p:36,x:94,y:471,w:294,h:17},
{t:"Stanza 34",p:36,x:94,y:500,w:74,h:19},
{t:"Mahākāla was an important temple at Ujjain, devoted to the worship",p:36,x:94,y:535,w:449,h:17},
{t:"of Shiva. The Sanskrit of my ‘praise unlimited’ is ‘pleasant fruit in full.’",p:36,x:94,y:558,w:448,h:17},
{t:"Stanza 35",p:36,x:94,y:586,w:74,h:19},
{t:"Chowries are fly-whisks, and the dancers referred to are courtesans or",p:36,x:94,y:621,w:448,h:17},
{t:"sacred prostitutes at Mahākāla.",p:36,x:94,y:645,w:208,h:17},
{t:"Stanza 36",p:36,x:94,y:673,w:74,h:19},
{t:"Ganja is elephant, and the Japā is a plant with red flowers (Hisbiscis",p:36,x:94,y:707,w:448,h:19},
{t:"rosasinensis). Shiva wore an elephant’s skin dripping with blood when",p:36,x:94,y:730,w:449,h:19},
{t:"he killed Gajāsura, an evil deity. Shiva’s consort Pārvati is calmed by",p:36,x:94,y:755,w:448,h:17},
{t:"finding the red glow in the forest is not blood but only the cloud irra-",p:36,x:94,y:778,w:448,h:17},
{t:"diated by the evening ’s colours.",p:36,x:94,y:801,w:208,h:17},
{t:"34",p:37,x:311,y:858,w:14,h:15},
{t:"Stanza 40",p:37,x:94,y:83,w:75,h:19},
{t:"The Gambhīra is a tributary of the Yamunā and flows east from Gan-",p:37,x:94,y:118,w:449,h:17},
{t:"gapur through eastern Rajastan. Shaphara is a white fish.",p:37,x:94,y:141,w:380,h:17},
{t:"Stanza 42",p:37,x:94,y:170,w:75,h:19},
{t:"Devagiri, literally Mountain of the Gods, may have been located near",p:37,x:94,y:205,w:448,h:17},
{t:"the Gambhīra at today’s village of Devagudaria.",p:37,x:94,y:228,w:315,h:17},
{t:"Stanza 43",p:37,x:94,y:256,w:74,h:19},
{t:"Bhavānī is the ferocious aspect of the Hindu goddess Shakti or Devi,",p:37,x:94,y:291,w:448,h:17},
{t:"though she also shows mercy. Skanda is the god of war, son of Shiva",p:37,x:94,y:315,w:448,h:17},
{t:"and Gaurī.",p:37,x:94,y:338,w:71,h:17},
{t:"Stanza 44",p:37,x:94,y:366,w:75,h:19},
{t:"Peacocks are said to welcome the rainy season, becoming agitated by",p:37,x:94,y:401,w:448,h:17},
{t:"the sound of thunder.",p:37,x:94,y:425,w:143,h:17},
{t:"Stanza 45",p:37,x:94,y:453,w:74,h:19},
{t:"King Rantideva was enormously rich and religious, sacrificing two",p:37,x:94,y:488,w:448,h:17},
{t:"thousand head of cattle a day. The torrent of blood reputedly formed",p:37,x:94,y:511,w:448,h:17},
{t:"the River Chambal. Surabhi is the divine cow of Indra.",p:37,x:94,y:535,w:360,h:17},
{t:"Stanza 47",p:37,x:94,y:568,w:64,h:17},
{t:"Dasapura is the kingdom of Rantideva. Kalidasa is making a play on",p:37,x:94,y:591,w:448,h:17},
{t:"the coquettish dark eyes of women.",p:37,x:94,y:615,w:234,h:17},
{t:"Stanza 48",p:37,x:94,y:648,w:65,h:17},
{t:"Brahmātavarta is the region northwest of Hastinapura, itself the capi-",p:37,x:94,y:671,w:449,h:17},
{t:"tal of the Kurus and now located some 22 miles northeast of Meerut,",p:37,x:94,y:695,w:448,h:17},
{t:"between the Sarasvatī and Drishadvatī rivers. Arjuna is the leader of",p:37,x:94,y:718,w:449,h:17},
{t:"the Pāndavas in the great epic of the Mahābhārata, and Kshatriyas are",p:37,x:94,y:741,w:449,h:17},
{t:"warriors, or those of the warrior class.",p:37,x:94,y:765,w:252,h:17},
{t:"35",p:38,x:311,y:858,w:14,h:15},
{t:"Stanza 49",p:38,x:94,y:83,w:75,h:19},
{t:"Balarama is the fair-skinned brother of Krishna, who commonly wore",p:38,x:94,y:118,w:449,h:17},
{t:"a dark cloak. Though a warrior and drunkard, he gave up wine and",p:38,x:94,y:141,w:448,h:17},
{t:"practised penance during the great Mahābhārata war, refusing to take",p:38,x:94,y:165,w:449,h:17},
{t:"sides. Balarama was immensely strong, and once diverted the Jumnā",p:38,x:94,y:188,w:449,h:17},
{t:"river by dragging a plough across its course, a feat by which he is",p:38,x:94,y:211,w:449,h:17},
{t:"identified in the Sanskrit here. The beautiful Revatī was his wife.",p:38,x:94,y:235,w:427,h:17},
{t:"Stanza 50",p:38,x:94,y:268,w:65,h:17},
{t:"Jahnu’s daughter is the Ganges. Gaurī represents austerity and purity,",p:38,x:94,y:291,w:449,h:17},
{t:"reflecting the penances she underwent to marry Shiva.",p:38,x:94,y:315,w:360,h:17},
{t:"Stanza 52",p:38,x:94,y:343,w:74,h:19},
{t:"The cow is venerated as the mother of mankind, and Shiva’s bull oc-",p:38,x:94,y:378,w:448,h:17},
{t:"cupies a particularly honoured place.",p:38,x:94,y:401,w:246,h:17},
{t:"Stanza 53",p:38,x:94,y:430,w:74,h:19},
{t:"Sarala pines (Pinus longifolia) exude a sweet-smelling resin, and the ir",p:38,x:94,y:465,w:449,h:17},
{t:"tall shapes form a majestic sight in the Himalayas.",p:38,x:94,y:488,w:333,h:17},
{t:"Stanza 54",p:38,x:94,y:516,w:74,h:19},
{t:"The Sharabha is an extinct or mythical animal, reputed to be very",p:38,x:94,y:551,w:448,h:17},
{t:"strong and to pull up water from deep pits in the hot season.",p:38,x:94,y:575,w:399,h:17},
{t:"Stanza 56",p:38,x:94,y:603,w:74,h:19},
{t:"Kinnaras are the professional musicians of the gods, and Tripura are",p:38,x:94,y:638,w:448,h:17},
{t:"three demon cities destroyed by Shiva. The muraja is a tall cylindrical",p:38,x:94,y:661,w:449,h:17},
{t:"drum or tambourine.",p:38,x:94,y:685,w:141,h:17},
{t:"Stanza 57",p:38,x:94,y:713,w:73,h:19},
{t:"The Krauncha is the pass taken to enter Tibet from India. Now called",p:38,x:94,y:748,w:448,h:17},
{t:"the Nīti Pass, it was supposed to have been cut by the arrow of",p:38,x:94,y:771,w:448,h:17},
{t:"Parashumāra, the terrible Brahmin warrior and enemy of the",p:38,x:94,y:795,w:448,h:17},
{t:"36",p:39,x:311,y:858,w:14,h:15},
{t:"Kshatriyas. Bali was a demon slain by Vishnu, who tricked him by",p:39,x:94,y:85,w:448,h:17},
{t:"approaching as a dwarf and then growing to enormous size.",p:39,x:94,y:108,w:394,h:17},
{t:"Stanza 58",p:39,x:94,y:136,w:74,h:19},
{t:"Rāvana is the demon king slain by Rāma in the Ramayana story. In",p:39,x:94,y:171,w:448,h:17},
{t:"attempting to move the mountain, the demon loosened its joints.",p:39,x:94,y:195,w:428,h:17},
{t:"Stanza 60",p:39,x:94,y:223,w:75,h:19},
{t:"Kalidasa refers to the Ganges as a flight of steps because these tradi-",p:39,x:94,y:258,w:448,h:17},
{t:"tionally allowed the sons of King Sagara to climb to heaven. Gaurī is",p:39,x:94,y:281,w:449,h:17},
{t:"Shiva’s consort.",p:39,x:94,y:305,w:104,h:17},
{t:"Stanza 61",p:39,x:94,y:333,w:72,h:19},
{t:"I have followed most translators in preferring Kale’s text for the",p:39,x:94,y:368,w:449,h:17},
{t:"‘bracelet’s sharpened point’: Hultzsch’s text says only ‘in entrance’.",p:39,x:94,y:391,w:443,h:17},
{t:"Stanza 62",p:39,x:94,y:420,w:75,h:19},
{t:"Indra is chief of the gods, though inferior to Shiva, Vishnu and the",p:39,x:94,y:455,w:449,h:17},
{t:"other great beings of the Hindu pantheon.",p:39,x:94,y:478,w:278,h:17},
{t:"Stanza 63",p:39,x:94,y:506,w:74,h:19},
{t:"Though India women wore a net or gauze of seed pearls to keep their",p:39,x:94,y:541,w:448,h:17},
{t:"hair in place, the pearls referred to here are probably the scanty un-",p:39,x:94,y:565,w:449,h:17},
{t:"dergarments worn in private chambers. The Sanskrit includes ‘seeing",p:39,x:94,y:588,w:449,h:17},
{t:"again Alakā’, which I have left implied to better develop the rainy air",p:39,x:94,y:611,w:448,h:17},
{t:"and pearl-sewn hair comparison: the rainy season traditionally",p:39,x:94,y:635,w:449,h:17},
{t:"brought men home and renewed sexual relations.",p:39,x:94,y:658,w:328,h:17},
{t:"Stanza 65",p:39,x:94,y:686,w:74,h:19},
{t:"The Lodhra (Symplocos racemosa) is a forest tree with yellow, red or",p:39,x:94,y:721,w:448,h:17},
{t:"white bell-like flowers, whose pollen is used as a face powder. ‘Path-",p:39,x:94,y:745,w:448,h:17},
{t:"like’ is my addition, to make explicit what is implied in the cloud’s",p:39,x:94,y:768,w:448,h:17},
{t:"approach.",p:39,x:94,y:791,w:67,h:17},
{t:"37",p:40,x:311,y:858,w:14,h:15},
{t:"Stanza 66",p:40,x:94,y:85,w:65,h:17},
{t:"Ratiphala is a wine-like aphrodisiac.",p:40,x:94,y:108,w:241,h:17},
{t:"Stanza 70",p:40,x:94,y:136,w:74,h:19},
{t:"Mandāra (Calatropis gigantea) is a tree with pretty but delicate f low-",p:40,x:94,y:171,w:448,h:17},
{t:"ers, popularly supposed to blossom when a young woman says some-",p:40,x:94,y:195,w:448,h:17},
{t:"thing witty in its presence.",p:40,x:94,y:218,w:174,h:17},
{t:"Stanza 75",p:40,x:94,y:251,w:64,h:17},
{t:"Ashoka, a tree with blazing red flowers (Saraca indica), has attracted",p:40,x:94,y:275,w:452,h:17},
{t:"many legends. The Kesara is a fairly large tree (Mimyusops elengi)",p:40,x:94,y:298,w:448,h:17},
{t:"with small, round flowers whose sweet and pungent smell lasts when",p:40,x:94,y:321,w:449,h:17},
{t:"the flowers are picked and dried in the sun. The Mādhavī is a creeper",p:40,x:94,y:345,w:449,h:17},
{t:"(Gaertnera racemosa), and aramanth is Kurabaka (Barleria prio-",p:40,x:94,y:368,w:448,h:17},
{t:"nites), which has a lip-like flower of five petals.",p:40,x:94,y:391,w:310,h:17},
{t:"Stanza 79",p:40,x:94,y:420,w:74,h:19},
{t:"The fruit of the Bimba shrub (Cephalandra indica) is a glowing red,",p:40,x:94,y:455,w:448,h:17},
{t:"and often compared to red lips.",p:40,x:94,y:478,w:207,h:17},
{t:"Stanza 82",p:40,x:94,y:506,w:75,h:19},
{t:"The small mainā bird is a good mimic and has a sweet voice.",p:40,x:94,y:541,w:398,h:17},
{t:"Stanza 80",p:40,x:94,y:570,w:76,h:19},
{t:"Chakravākas are fat, well-shaped birds the size of water fowl, which",p:40,x:94,y:605,w:449,h:17},
{t:"pine for each other when separated.",p:40,x:94,y:628,w:237,h:17},
{t:"Stanza 95",p:40,x:94,y:656,w:74,h:19},
{t:"Mālatī is a creeper with white flowers, either Jasmin grandiflorum or",p:40,x:94,y:691,w:450,h:17},
{t:"Aganosma caryophyllata.",p:40,x:94,y:715,w:177,h:17},
{t:"Stanza 97",p:40,x:94,y:743,w:74,h:19},
{t:"Hanūman is the swift-as-the-wind monkey god, who located Sītā after",p:40,x:94,y:778,w:449,h:17},
{t:"her abduction by the demon king Rāvana.",p:40,x:94,y:801,w:277,h:17},
{t:"38",p:41,x:311,y:858,w:14,h:15},
{t:"Stanza 101",p:41,x:94,y:83,w:78,h:19},
{t:"Conventional comparisons of a beautiful woman.",p:41,x:94,y:118,w:324,h:17},
{t:"Stanza 104",p:41,x:94,y:146,w:80,h:19},
{t:"A reference to the tall pine tree (Pinus deodara) in Himalayan re-",p:41,x:94,y:181,w:449,h:17},
{t:"gions: its young foliage has a fragrant smell.",p:41,x:94,y:205,w:290,h:17},
{t:"39",p:42,x:311,y:858,w:14,h:15},
{t:"References",p:42,x:118,y:90,w:126,h:27},
{t:"1. Hultzsch, E.Kalidasa’s Meghaduta (Munshiram Manoharlal",p:42,x:94,y:140,w:420,h:17},
{t:"Publishers, Delhi, 1911/1998).",p:42,x:94,y:164,w:199,h:17},
{t:"2. Kalidasa: Poems: Meghaduta.",p:42,x:94,y:194,w:222,h:17},
{t:"http://titus.unifrankfurt.de/texte/etcs/ind/aind/klskt/",p:42,x:94,y:216,w:404,h:19},
{t:"kalidasa/meghadut/megha.htm.",p:42,x:94,y:239,w:234,h:19},
{t:"3. Monier-Williams, Monier.English-Sanskrit Dictionary (Mun-",p:42,x:94,y:270,w:431,h:17},
{t:"shiram Manoharlal Publishers, Delhi, 2003).",p:42,x:94,y:294,w:298,h:17},
{t:"4. Cologne Digital Sanskrit Lexicon.",p:42,x:94,y:324,w:242,h:17},
{t:"http://www.uni koeln.de/philfak/indologie/",p:42,x:94,y:346,w:330,h:19},
{t:"tamil/mwd_search.html",p:42,x:94,y:369,w:173,h:19},
{t:"5. MacDonell, Arthur, A. A Sanskrit Grammar for Students",p:42,x:94,y:400,w:397,h:17},
{t:"(O.U.P., 1927)",p:42,x:94,y:424,w:94,h:17},
{t:"6. Devadhar, C.R.Works of Kalidasa: vol 2 (Motilal Banarsidass",p:42,x:94,y:454,w:430,h:17},
{t:"Publishers, Delhi, 1966/2004).",p:42,x:94,y:477,w:207,h:17},
{t:"7. Kale, M.R. The Meghaduta of Kalidasa (Motilal Banarsidass",p:42,x:94,y:507,w:418,h:17},
{t:"Publishers, Delhi, 1916/2002).",p:42,x:94,y:530,w:204,h:17},
{t:"8. Taylor, McComas (trans).Kalidasa's Meghaduta or The Cloud",p:42,x:94,y:560,w:434,h:17},
{t:"Messenger http://members.ozemail.com.au/%7Emooncharts/",p:42,x:94,y:583,w:444,h:19},
{t:"kalidasa/meghaduta.html.",p:42,x:94,y:606,w:189,h:19},
{t:"9. Nathan, Leonard (trans).The Transport of Love: Kalidasa's",p:42,x:94,y:637,w:417,h:17},
{t:"Megadhuta (Berkeley, 1976).",p:42,x:94,y:660,w:194,h:17},
{t:"10. Keith, A. Berriedale. A History of Sanskrit Literature (Motilal",p:42,x:94,y:690,w:436,h:17},
{t:"Banarsidass Publishers, Delhi, 1966/2004).",p:42,x:94,y:714,w:290,h:17},
{t:"11. Sabnis, S.A. Kalidasa: His Style and Times(N.M. Tripathi,",p:42,x:94,y:744,w:413,h:17},
{t:"Bombay, 1966).",p:42,x:94,y:767,w:104,h:17},
{t:"12. Jain, K.C.Kalidasa and his Times (Agam Kala Prakashan,",p:42,x:94,y:797,w:408,h:17},
{t:"Delhi, 1990).",p:42,x:94,y:820,w:86,h:17},
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